{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:18:02Z","timestamp":1791296282712,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000064","name":"National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01AT006732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AT006732"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000064","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ijaaonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,25]],"date-time":"2014-07-25T15:36:45Z","timestamp":1406302605000},"page":"314-319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Action of nitroheterocyclic drugs against Clostridium difficile"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Manish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudip","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian G.","family":"Hurdle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2164","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Rupnik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1086\/338260","article-title":"Health care costs and mortality associated with nosocomial diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile","volume":"34","author":"Kyne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53757","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053757","article-title":"Characterization of a stable, metronidazole-resistant Clostridium difficile clinical isolate","volume":"8","author":"Lynch","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0020","series-title":"Antibacterial agents: chemistry, mode of action, mechanisms of resistance and clinical applications","first-page":"85","article-title":"Nitroimidazole antibacterial agents","author":"Anderson","year":"2012"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1086\/647939","article-title":"Metronidazole is still the drug of choice for treatment of anaerobic infections","volume":"50","author":"Lofmark","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2405","article-title":"Host S-nitrosylation inhibits clostridial small molecule-activated glucosylating toxins","volume":"17","author":"Savidge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47657-0","article-title":"Microarray analysis of the transcriptional responses of Clostridium difficile to environmental and antibiotic stress","volume":"57","author":"Emerson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn313","article-title":"Emergence of reduced susceptibility to metronidazole in Clostridium difficile","volume":"62","author":"Baines","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00524-08","article-title":"Metronidazole resistance in Clostridium difficile is heterogeneous","volume":"46","author":"Pel\u00e1ez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01159-06","article-title":"Antiparasitic drug nitazoxanide inhibits the pyruvate oxidoreductases of Helicobacter pylori, selected anaerobic bacteria and parasites, and Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"51","author":"Hoffman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.1.150-164.2001","article-title":"Drug targets and mechanisms of resistance in the anaerobic protozoa","volume":"14","author":"Upcroft","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4103","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00360-12","article-title":"Amixicile, a novel inhibitor of pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase, shows efficacy against Clostridium difficile in a mouse infection model","volume":"56","author":"Warren","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.7.2116-2123.2002","article-title":"Enzymes associated with reductive activation and action of nitazoxanide, nitrofurans, and metronidazole in Helicobacter pylori","volume":"46","author":"Sisson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks493","article-title":"The membrane as a target for controlling hypervirulent Clostridium difficile infections","volume":"68","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt302","article-title":"In vitro selection, via serial passage, of Clostridium difficile mutants with reduced susceptibility to fidaxomicin or vancomycin","volume":"69","author":"Leeds","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.3.874-881.2006","article-title":"The yjeB (nsrR) gene of Escherichia coli encodes a nitric oxide-sensitive transcriptional regulator","volume":"188","author":"Bodenmiller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-141-2-371","article-title":"A defined growth medium for Clostridium difficile","volume":"141","author":"Karasawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01121-07","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling reveals that daptomycin induces the Staphylococcus aureus cell wall stress stimulon and genes responsive to membrane depolarization","volume":"52","author":"Muthaiyan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/29.9.e45","article-title":"A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR","volume":"29","author":"Pfaffl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05042","article-title":"RecA acts in trans to allow replication of damaged DNA by DNA polymerase V","volume":"442","author":"Schlacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.0010055","article-title":"Dissimilatory metabolism of nitrogen oxides in bacteria: comparative reconstruction of transcriptional networks","volume":"1","author":"Rodionov","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt106","article-title":"Metabolism of nitro drugs metronidazole and nitazoxanide in Giardia lamblia: characterization of a novel nitroreductase (GlNR2)","volume":"68","author":"Muller","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2013.12.003","article-title":"Acidified nitrite: a host defence against colonization with C. difficile spores?","volume":"86","author":"Cunningham","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr077","article-title":"Nitazoxanide is active against Clostridium difficile strains with reduced susceptibility to metronidazole","volume":"66","author":"Freeman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.059048-0","article-title":"Legless pathogens: how bacterial physiology provides the key to understanding pathogenicity","volume":"158","author":"Cole","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiology"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0924857914001873?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0924857914001873?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T10:22:46Z","timestamp":1538389366000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0924857914001873"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0924857914001873"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-8579"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-8579","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Action of nitroheterocyclic drugs against Clostridium difficile","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.05.021","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier B.V. and the International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}