{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:52:38Z","timestamp":1790790758032,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","ijaaonline.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,30]],"date-time":"2016-04-30T00:17:30Z","timestamp":1461975450000},"page":"1-10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":137,"title":["Clostridium difficile infection following systemic antibiotic administration in randomised controlled trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Konstantinos Z.","family":"Vardakas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyriakos K.","family":"Trigkidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Boukouvala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew E.","family":"Falagas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0010","series-title":"Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States","author":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.01.004","article-title":"Treatment failure and recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection following treatment with vancomycin or metronidazole: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"40","author":"Vardakas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis319","article-title":"Current status of Clostridium difficile infection epidemiology","volume":"55","author":"Lessa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-194","article-title":"Incidence of and risk factors for community-associated Clostridium difficile infection: a nested case\u2013control study","volume":"11","author":"Kuntz","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02176-12","article-title":"Meta-analysis of antibiotics and the risk of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"57","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt129","article-title":"Community-associated Clostridium difficile infection and antibiotics: a meta-analysis","volume":"68","author":"Deshpande","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt477","article-title":"Antibiotics and hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection: update of systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"69","author":"Slimings","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg254","article-title":"Antibiotics and hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: a systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Thomas","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1086\/496986","article-title":"Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec","volume":"41","author":"Pepin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.07.010","article-title":"Risk factors for development of Clostridium difficile infection due to BI\/NAP1\/027 strain: a meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Vardakas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl. C","key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(91)90169-9","article-title":"Prevention of sepsis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography","volume":"19","author":"Alveyn","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1086\/498520","article-title":"Community-Acquired Pneumonia Recovery in the Elderly (CAPRIE): efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin therapy versus that of levofloxacin therapy","volume":"42","author":"Anzueto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl. 5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S354","DOI":"10.1086\/431676","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of tigecycline for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections: analysis of pooled clinical trial data","volume":"41","author":"Babinchak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.09.001","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of intravenous tigecycline in treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: results from a double-blind randomized phase 3 comparison study with levofloxacin","volume":"63","author":"Bergallo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01691147","article-title":"Imipenem or cefoperazone\u2013sulbactam combined with vancomycin for therapy of presumed or proven infection in neutropenic cancer patients","volume":"15","author":"Bodey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19900101)65:1<9::AID-CNCR2820650105>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"\u03b2-Lactam regimens for the febrile neutropenic patient","volume":"65","author":"Bodey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1086\/505393","article-title":"A randomized, open-label, multicenter comparative study of the efficacy and safety of piperacillin\u2013tazobactam and cefepime for the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenic episodes in patients with hematologic malignancies","volume":"43","author":"Bow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.10001","article-title":"Cefepime versus ceftazidime as empiric therapy for fever in neutropenic patients with cancer","volume":"34","author":"Chandrasekar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e573","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2053","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of cephalexin versus clindamycin for uncomplicated pediatric skin infections","volume":"127","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540410017590","article-title":"A prospective, randomized study comparing cefepime and imipenem\u2013cilastatin in the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia in patients treated for haematological malignancies","volume":"36","author":"Cherif","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1086\/514930","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind study of ciprofloxacin and cefuroxime axetil for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. The Bronchitis Study Group","volume":"27","author":"Chodosh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1080\/08880010500506370","article-title":"Monotherapy with piperacillin\/tazobactam versus cefepime as empirical therapy for febrile neutropenia in pediatric cancer patients: a randomized comparison","volume":"23","author":"Corapcioglu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/48.4.527","article-title":"Cefepime versus cefotaxime for empirical treatment of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected patients: an open, randomized trial","volume":"48","author":"Cordero","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(03)80132-7","volume":"25","author":"Corr\u00eaa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/003655401750173922","article-title":"Fewer bacterial relapses after oral treatment with norfloxacin than with ceftibuten in acute pyelonephritis initially treated with intravenous cefuroxime","volume":"33","author":"Cronberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199707313370501","article-title":"Ceftriaxone compared with doxycycline for the treatment of acute disseminated Lyme disease","volume":"337","author":"Dattwyler","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2012.08.013","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial of moxifloxacin versus ertapenem in complicated intra-abdominal infections: results of the PROMISE study","volume":"41","author":"De Waele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/28.4.569","article-title":"A randomized trial of cefepime (BMY-28142) and ceftazidime for the treatment of pneumonia","volume":"28","author":"Edelstein","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.6.1173","article-title":"Comparative study of cefuroxime axetil versus amoxicillin in children with early Lyme disease","volume":"109","author":"Eppes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142S-9S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(20)31155-4","article-title":"Intravenous fleroxacin versus ceftazidime in the treatment of acute nonpneumococcal lower respiratory tract infections","volume":"94","author":"Farkas","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1995.13.1.165","article-title":"Monotherapy for fever and neutropenia in cancer patients: a randomized comparison of ceftazidime versus imipenem","volume":"13","author":"Freifeld","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.05.012","article-title":"Comparison of tigecycline with imipenem\/cilastatin for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia","volume":"68","author":"Freire","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.07.017","article-title":"Sequential intravenous\/oral moxifloxacin versus intravenous piperacillin\u2013tazobactam followed by oral amoxicillin\u2013clavulanate for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infection","volume":"26","author":"Giordano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg115","article-title":"Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in patients with community-acquired lower respiratory infection being treated with levofloxacin compared with \u03b2-lactam-based therapy","volume":"51","author":"Gopal Rao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1086\/340348","article-title":"Ertapenem once daily versus piperacillin\u2013tazobactam 4 times per day for treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections in adults: results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind multicenter study","volume":"34","author":"Graham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.5.683","article-title":"Use of ampicillin\/sulbactam versus imipenem\/cilastatin in the treatment of limb-threatening foot infections in diabetic patients","volume":"18","author":"Grayson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/43.4.549","article-title":"Treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly: the role of cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosporin","volume":"43","author":"Grossman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr344","article-title":"A randomized trial of the efficacy and safety of sequential intravenous\/oral moxifloxacin monotherapy versus intravenous piperacillin\/tazobactam followed by oral amoxicillin\/clavulanate for complicated skin and skin structure infections","volume":"66","author":"Gyssens","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1991.01410280116019","article-title":"A comparison of the roles of cefamandole and ceftriaxone in abdominal surgery","volume":"126","author":"Hall","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1705256","article-title":"Piperacillin\/tazobactam vs ceftazidime in the treatment of neutropenic fever in patients with acute leukemia or following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation: a prospective randomized trial","volume":"37","author":"Harter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01644175","article-title":"Cefotaxime versus penicillin in the late stage of Lyme disease\u2014prospective, randomized therapeutic study","volume":"18","author":"Hassler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb04044.x","article-title":"A randomized study of ciprofloxacin versus ceftriaxone in the treatment of nursing home-acquired lower respiratory tract infections","volume":"39","author":"Hirata-Dulas","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52S-9S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(96)00108-8","article-title":"Clinical applications of a new parenteral antibiotic in the treatment of severe bacterial infections","volume":"100","author":"Holloway","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054408","article-title":"Ertapenem versus cefotetan prophylaxis in elective colorectal surgery","volume":"355","author":"Itani","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2010.05.007","article-title":"Tazobactam\/piperacillin for moderate-to-severe pneumonia in patients with risk for aspiration: comparison with imipenem\/cilastatin","volume":"23","author":"Ito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pulm Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0347(199708)19:5<367::AID-HED1>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"Comparison of ampicillin\/sulbactam versus clindamycin in the prevention of infection in patients undergoing head and neck surgery","volume":"19","author":"Johnson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2000.00776.x","article-title":"Randomized trial of omeprazole and metronidazole with amoxycillin or clarithromycin for Helicobacter pylori eradication, in a region of high primary metronidazole resistance: the HERO study","volume":"14","author":"Katelaris","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s10156-011-0307-1","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of intravenous ciprofloxacin versus meropenem in the treatment of postoperative infection","volume":"18","author":"Kusachi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00390160058013","article-title":"Outpatient management of uncomplicated lower-extremity infections in diabetic patients","volume":"150","author":"Lipsky","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1177\/014556130308200812","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of telithromycin for 5 or 10 days vs amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid for 10 days in acute maxillary sinusitis","volume":"82","author":"Luterman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60S-7S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(96)00109-X","article-title":"A new therapeutic option for the treatment of pneumonia","volume":"100","author":"McCabe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(00)86735-1","article-title":"Comparison of cefdinir and penicillin for the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Cefdinir Pharyngitis Study Group","volume":"21","author":"Nemeth","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199504000-00003","article-title":"Meropenem versus imipenem\/cilastatin in the treatment of hospitalized patients with skin and soft tissue infections","volume":"88","author":"Nichols","year":"1995","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11613","article-title":"Treatment of febrile neutropenic patients with cancer who require hospitalization: a prospective randomized study comparing imipenem and cefepime","volume":"98","author":"Raad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19960401)77:7<1386::AID-CNCR25>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"A comparison of aztreonam plus vancomycin and imipenem plus vancomycin as initial therapy for febrile neutropenic cancer patients","volume":"77","author":"Raad","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1992.00400140037010","article-title":"A comparison of imipenem to ceftazidime with or without amikacin as empiric therapy in febrile neutropenic patients","volume":"152","author":"Rolston","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19930601)71:11<3640::AID-CNCR2820711128>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Outpatient treatment of febrile episodes in low-risk neutropenic patients with cancer","volume":"71","author":"Rubenstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1080\/0036554021000026933","article-title":"Linezolid versus ceftriaxone\/cefpodoxime in patients hospitalized for the treatment of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia","volume":"34","author":"San Pedro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(96)00112-X","article-title":"Treatment of urinary tract infections: selecting an appropriate broad-spectrum antibiotic for nosocomial infections","volume":"100","author":"Sharifi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.2.525-531.2001","article-title":"Clinafloxacin versus piperacillin\u2013tazobactam in treatment of patients with severe skin and soft tissue infections","volume":"45","author":"Siami","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2006.10.006","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis in clean-contaminated head and neck oncological surgery","volume":"35","author":"Skitareli\u0107","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-200101000-00013","article-title":"Results of a clinical trial of clinafloxacin versus imipenem\/cilastatin for intraabdominal infections","volume":"233","author":"Solomkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SLA.0000048551.32606.73","article-title":"Ertapenem versus piperacillin\/tazobactam in the treatment of complicated intraabdominal infections: results of a double-blind, randomized comparative phase III trial","volume":"237","author":"Solomkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0325","first-page":"265","article-title":"The importance of wound infection in antibiotic failures in the therapy of postpartum endometritis","volume":"174","author":"Soper","year":"1992","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.34.6.1194","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind comparison of the efficacies, costs, and vaginal flora alterations with single-dose ceftriaxone and multidose cefazolin prophylaxis in vaginal hysterectomy","volume":"34","author":"Stiver","year":"1990","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"Suppl. A","key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6701(90)90083-Z","article-title":"Ceftazidime vs. tobramycin for serious infections in urological patients","volume":"15","author":"Tammela","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-009-0067-1","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of intravenous ciprofloxacin in patients with biliary tract infection: a randomized controlled trial with carbapenem as comparator","volume":"44","author":"Tazuma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2006.05.034","article-title":"Randomized double-blind study comparing 7- and 10-day regimens of faropenem medoxomil with a 10-day cefuroxime axetil regimen for treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis","volume":"135","author":"Upchurch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(02)80078-9","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, double-blind multicenter comparison of parenteral ertapenem and ceftriaxone for the treatment of hospitalized adults with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"24","author":"Vetter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01961131","article-title":"Clindamycin versus phenoxymethylpenicillin in the treatment of acute orofacial infections","volume":"11","author":"von Konow","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1993.21.5.385","article-title":"Ceftriaxone (single dose) versus cefoxitin (multiple doses): success and failure of antibiotic prophylaxis in 1052 cesarean sections","volume":"21","author":"von Mandach","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2006.7.341","article-title":"Comparison of sequential intravenous\/oral ciprofloxacin plus metronidazole with intravenous ceftriaxone plus metronidazole for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections","volume":"7","author":"Wacha","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surg Infect (Larchmt)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01641422","article-title":"A randomized trial of ceftriaxone versus oral penicillin for the treatment of early European Lyme borreliosis","volume":"18","author":"Weber","year":"1990","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(02)85139-6","article-title":"A comparison of gemifloxacin and clarithromycin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and long-term clinical outcomes","volume":"24","author":"Wilson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02051926","article-title":"Short-term chemoprophylaxis with ceftizoxime vs. five-day aminoglycoside with metronidazole in \u2018contaminated\u2019 lower gastrointestinal surgery","volume":"33","author":"Winslet","year":"1990","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1086\/318500","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial comparing clinafloxacin with imipenem as empirical monotherapy for febrile granulocytopenic patients","volume":"32","author":"Winston","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3442","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.11.3442-3447.2003","article-title":"Cefepime versus imipenem\u2013cilastatin for treatment of nosocomial pneumonia in intensive care unit patients: a multicenter, evaluator-blind, prospective, randomized study","volume":"47","author":"Zanetti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(98)00104-6","article-title":"Meropenem (1.5\u2009g\/day) is as effective as imipenem\/cilastatin (2\u2009g\/day) for the treatment of moderately severe intra-abdominal infections","volume":"11","author":"Zanetti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1438.1996.06040298.x","article-title":"A prospective randomized trial of ampicillin\/sulbactam vs cefoxitin prophylaxis for radical gynecologic surgery","volume":"6","author":"Fanning","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-393X(98)85036-4","article-title":"Comparison of two regimens of oral clindamycin versus dicloxacillin in the treatment of mild-to-moderate skin and soft-tissue infections","volume":"59","author":"Blaszczyk-Kostanecka","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1097\/00019048-199602000-00010","article-title":"Treatment to moderate-to-severe pneumonia in elderly, long-term care facility residents","volume":"5","author":"Nicolle","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin Pract (Baltim Md)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-199917010-00002","article-title":"Meropenem versus cefotaxime-based therapy for the initial treatment of infants and children hospitalised with non-CNS infections","volume":"17","author":"Snedden","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Drug Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1086\/318486","article-title":"Linezolid (PNU-100766) versus vancomycin in the treatment of hospitalized patients with nosocomial pneumonia: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study","volume":"32","author":"Rubinstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.11.2246","article-title":"Double-blind comparison of teicoplanin versus vancomycin in febrile neutropenic patients receiving concomitant tobramycin and piperacillin: effect on cyclosporin A-associated nephrotoxicity","volume":"35","author":"Kureishi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1086\/340353","article-title":"Linezolid versus vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections","volume":"34","author":"Stevens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh048","article-title":"Linezolid versus teicoplanin in the treatment of Gram-positive infections in the critically ill: a randomized, double-blind, multicentre study","volume":"53","author":"Cepeda","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.6.2260-2266.2005","article-title":"Linezolid versus vancomycin in treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections","volume":"49","author":"Weigelt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1086\/595686","article-title":"Complicated skin and skin-structure infections and catheter-related bloodstream infections: noninferiority of linezolid in a phase 3 study","volume":"48","author":"Wilcox","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir895","article-title":"Linezolid in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial pneumonia: a randomized, controlled study","volume":"54","author":"Wunderink","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0455","article-title":"Anti-pseudomonal \u03b2-lactams for the initial, empirical, treatment of febrile neutropenia: comparison of \u03b2-lactams","author":"Paul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dku351","article-title":"\u03b2-Lactam\/\u03b2-lactamase inhibitors versus carbapenems for the treatment of sepsis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"70","author":"Shiber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01623-06","article-title":"In vitro activities of 15 antimicrobial agents against 110 toxigenic Clostridium difficile clinical isolates collected from 1983 to 2004","volume":"51","author":"Hecht","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3109\/00365540903244543","article-title":"In vitro activity of tigecycline and comparators against a European compilation of anaerobes collected as part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (TEST)","volume":"42","author":"Nagy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2013.05.009","article-title":"Characterization of swine isolates of Clostridium difficile in Spain: a potential source of epidemic multidrug resistant strains?","volume":"22","author":"Pel\u00e1ez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.33.2.204","article-title":"Imipenem concentrations in colorectal surgery and impact on the colonic microflora","volume":"33","author":"Kager","year":"1989","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S181","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/24.Supplement_2.S181","article-title":"Penetration of meropenem in plasma and abdominal tissues from patients undergoing intraabdominal surgery","volume":"24","author":"Condon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3765","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.10.3765-3772.2004","article-title":"Ertapenem pharmacokinetics and impact on intestinal microflora, in comparison to those of ceftriaxone, after multiple dosing in male and female volunteers","volume":"48","author":"Pletz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3478","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00424-08","article-title":"Disposition, metabolism, and excretion of [14C]doripenem after a single 500-milligram intravenous infusion in healthy men","volume":"52","author":"Cirillo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01963943","article-title":"Effect of meropenem on the intestinal microflora","volume":"10","author":"Bergan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl. 3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S432","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/7.Supplement_3.S432","article-title":"Effect of imipenem\/cilastatin on the colonic microflora","volume":"7","author":"Nord","year":"1985","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02009388","article-title":"Impact of cefpodoxime proxetil and amoxicillin on the normal oral and intestinal microflora","volume":"12","author":"Brismar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.1.208","article-title":"Prospective study of Clostridium difficile intestinal colonization and disease following single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery","volume":"35","author":"Privitera","year":"1991","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42415","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042415","article-title":"Impact of toxigenic Clostridium difficile colonization and infection among hospitalized adults at a district hospital in southern Taiwan","volume":"7","author":"Hung","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1086\/521859","article-title":"Antimicrobial-associated risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"46","author":"Owens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.071812","article-title":"Patterns of antibiotic use and risk of hospital admission because of Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"179","author":"Dial","year":"2008","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr508","article-title":"Time interval of increased risk for Clostridium difficile infection after exposure to antibiotics","volume":"67","author":"Hensgens","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S66","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ140","article-title":"Current trends in the epidemiology and outcomes of Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"60","author":"Evans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70991-0","article-title":"Underdiagnosis of Clostridium difficile across Europe: the European, multicentre, prospective, biannual, point-prevalence study of Clostridium difficile infection in hospitalised patients with diarrhoea (EUCLID)","volume":"14","author":"Davies","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0924857916300553?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0924857916300553?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T09:43:18Z","timestamp":1655631798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0924857916300553"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0924857916300553"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-8579"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-8579","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clostridium difficile infection following systemic antibiotic administration in randomised controlled trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.03.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier B.V. and International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}