{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T21:57:50Z","timestamp":1787954270066,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","ijaaonline.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,6]],"date-time":"2018-03-06T03:48:41Z","timestamp":1520308121000},"page":"1-10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Hot topics in necrotising skin and soft tissue infections"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Kordo","family":"Saeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvano","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Gould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0422-690X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Ascione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Bassetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Bonnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Bouza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9864-5699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua S","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0355-0836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"De Simone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8967-169X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew","family":"Dryden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Gottlieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolin","family":"Hijazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C","family":"Lye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8109-0655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Pagliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Petridou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8718-1200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elda","family":"Righi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Segreti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serhet","family":"Unal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ata Nevzat","family":"Yalcin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2017.1311398","article-title":"Italian Society of Infectious and Tropical Diseases. Diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTI). A literature review and consensus statement: an update","volume":"29","author":"Esposito","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_sbref0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2017.00005","article-title":"Early diagnosis and surgical treatment for necrotizing fasciitis: a multicenter study","volume":"4","author":"Misiakos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S131768","article-title":"Presentation and outcomes of necrotizing soft tissue infections","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0004","article-title":"Complicated skin and soft tissue infection","volume":"65","author":"Dryden","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.2011.23.5.251","volume":"23","author":"Esposito","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000129486.35458.7D","article-title":"The LRINEC (Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis) score: a tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections","volume":"32","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318270d761","article-title":"The Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis score for discernment of necrotizing fasciitis originated from Vibrio vulnificus infections","volume":"73","author":"Chao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23680","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of laboratory-based diagnostic tools for cervical necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"122","author":"Thomas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-017-0359-z","article-title":"The laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis (LRINEC) scoring: the diagnostic and potential prognostic role","volume":"25","author":"El-Menyar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2017.3.33607","article-title":"Evaluating the laboratory risk indicator to differentiate cellulitis from necrotizing fasciitis in the emergency department","volume":"18","author":"Neeki","year":"2017","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0011","first-page":"191","article-title":"Necrotizing soft-tissue infections in a general hospital","volume":"18","author":"Sanchez-Porto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infez Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2016.04.011","article-title":"Hot topics in the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections","volume":"48","author":"Esposito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2008.07.025","article-title":"Low sensitivity of physical examination findings in necrotizing soft tissue infection is improved with laboratory values: a prospective study","volume":"196","author":"Chan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.173868","article-title":"Early surgical intervention and its impact on patients presenting with necrotizing soft tissue infections: A single academic center experience","volume":"9","author":"Hadeed","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Emerg Trauma Shock"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X1504300604","article-title":"Necrotising soft tissue infections: the effect of hyperbaric oxygen on mortality","volume":"43","author":"Devaney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0016","first-page":"305","article-title":"Vacuum-assisted therapy accelerates wound healing in necrotizing soft tissue infections: our experience in two intravenous drug abuse patients","volume":"21","author":"Marinis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infez Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000350","article-title":"Reactive oxygen therapy: a novel therapy in soft tissue infection","volume":"30","author":"Dryden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1402.070888","article-title":"Severe Streptococcus pyogenes infections, United Kingdom, 2003-2004","volume":"14","author":"Lamagni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_sbref0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00679-13","article-title":"Molecular analysis of an outbreak of lethal postpartum sepsis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes","volume":"51","author":"Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.06.005","article-title":"Understanding how leading bacterial pathogens subvert innate immunity to reveal novel therapeutic targets","volume":"120","author":"Nizet","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2011.11.001","article-title":"Guidelines for prevention and control of group A streptococcal infection in acute healthcare and maternity settings in the UK","volume":"64","author":"Steer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4274","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e4274","article-title":"Necrotising fasciitis","volume":"345","author":"Sultan","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R152","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10278","article-title":"The microbiological profile and presence of bloodstream infection influence mortality rates in necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.05.016","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis in patients with liver cirrhosis: predominance of monomicrobial Gram-negative bacillary infections","volume":"62","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-007-0358-5","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis caused by Vibrio vulnificus: epidemiology, clinical findings, treatment and prevention","volume":"26","author":"Kuo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-013-2039-x","article-title":"Prognostic factor of mortality and its clinical implications in patients with necrotizing fasciitis caused by Vibrio vulnificus","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.I.01679","article-title":"Comparison of necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis caused by Vibrio vulnificus and Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"93","author":"Tsai","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1311-y","article-title":"Laboratory indicators for early detection and surgical treatment of vibrio necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"468","author":"Tsai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr476","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy for necrotizing fasciitis caused by Vibrio vulnificus: retrospective analysis of an 8 year period","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2012.08.008","article-title":"Impact of timing of surgery on outcome of Vibrio vulnificus-related necrotizing fasciitis","volume":"206","author":"Chao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2013.08.012","article-title":"Temporizing surgical management improves outcome in patients with Vibrio necrotizing fasciitis complicated with septic shock on admission","volume":"40","author":"Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4008","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02316-12","article-title":"Unusual \"flesh-eating\" strains of Escherichia coli","volume":"50","author":"Shaked","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181a393a4","article-title":"Postirradiation Klebsiella pneumoniae-associated necrotizing fasciitis in the western hemisphere: a rare but life-threatening clinical entity","volume":"338","author":"Kelesidis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2011.626441","article-title":"Monomicrobial Pseudomonas necrotizing fasciitis: a case of infection by two strains and a review of 37 cases in the literature","volume":"44","author":"Reisman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2005.10.015","article-title":"Salmonella group C necrotizing fasciitis: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"54","author":"Khawcharoenporn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-8-315","article-title":"Aeromonas sobria necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis in an immunocompromised patient: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Spadaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.014654-0","article-title":"Fulminant necrotizing fasciitis due to Vibrio parahaemolyticus","volume":"59","author":"Tena","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.05.003","article-title":"Pragmatic management of Panton\u2013Valentine leukocidin-associated staphylococcal diseases","volume":"38","author":"Gillet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrobial Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07877-7","article-title":"Association between staphylococcus aureus strains carrying gene for panton-valentine leukocidin and highly lethal necrotising pneumonia in young immunocompetent patients","volume":"359","author":"Gillet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu554","article-title":"Cytotoxic virulence predicts mortality in nosocomial pneumonia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"211","author":"Rose","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1086\/592053","article-title":"Panton-Valentine leukocidin is not a virulence determinant in murine models of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease","volume":"198","author":"Bubeck Wardenburg","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu444","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"59","author":"Stevens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0043","article-title":"Effects of tedizolid phosphate on survival outcomes and suppression of production of staphylococcal toxins in a rabbit model of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia","volume":"61","author":"Le VT","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0044","first-page":"16","article-title":"Panton-Valentine Leucocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus a position statement from the International Society of Chemotherapy","volume":"51","author":"Saeed","year":"2018","journal-title":"IJAA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013260","article-title":"Adjunctive clindamycin for cellulitis: a clinical trial comparing flucloxacillin with or without clindamycin for the treatment of limb cellulitis","volume":"7","author":"Brindle","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S23","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir866","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of mucormycosis","volume":"54","author":"Petrikkos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540902856537","article-title":"Severe filamentous fungal infections after widespread tissue damage due to traumatic injury: six cases and review of the literature","volume":"41","author":"Vitrat-Hincky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800639","article-title":"Zygomycotic necrotizing fasciitis in immunocompetent patients: a series of 18 cases","volume":"19","author":"Jain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1204781","article-title":"Necrotizing cutaneous mucormycosis after a tornado in Joplin, Missouri in 2011","volume":"367","author":"Neblett Fanfair","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0050","first-page":"E517","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis caused by Cryptococcus gattii","volume":"44","author":"Ho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0051","first-page":"E18","article-title":"Fungal necrotizing fasciitis in 3 patients with uncontrolled diabetes","volume":"93","author":"Prasanna Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.riam.2014.06.005","article-title":"Fungal necrotizing fasciitis, an emerging infectious disease caused by Apophysomyces (Mucorales)","volume":"32","author":"Chander","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Iberoam Micol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1204781","article-title":"Necrotizing cutaneous mucormycosis after a tornado in Joplin, Missouri, in 2011","volume":"367","author":"Neblett Fanfair","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000136870.17071.fd","article-title":"Successful treatment of a child with posttraumatic necrotizing fasciitis caused by Apophysomyces elegans: case report and review of literature","volume":"23","author":"Kordy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v24i3.1270","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis in an immunocompetent patient caused by Apophysomyces elegans","volume":"24","author":"Ruiz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spellberg B, Ibrahim A, Roilides E, Lewis R, Lortholary O, Petrikkos G, et\u00a0al. Combination therapy for mucormycosis: why, what, and how? Clin Infect Dis 2012;54(Suppl 1):S73\u20138.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir885"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1701438","article-title":"Fournier's gangrene: a clinical presentation of necrotizing fasciitis after bone marrow transplantation","volume":"22","author":"Martinelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2010.06.008","article-title":"Outcomes from treatment of necrotizing soft-tissue infections: results from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database","volume":"200","author":"Mills","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2013.173","article-title":"Immunocompromised status in patients with necrotizing soft-tissue infection","volume":"148","author":"Keung","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-014-2277-6","article-title":"Ecthyma gangrenosum and ecthyma-like lesions: review article","volume":"34","author":"Vaiman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2016-214461","article-title":"Mimicker of necrotising fasciitis with systemic inflammatory response syndrome: recurrent necrotising Sweet's syndrome associated with chronic myelogenous leukaemia","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/8.3.364","article-title":"Bacteremia in narcotic addicts at the Detroit Medical Center. I. Microbiology, epidemiology, risk factors, and empiric therapy","volume":"8","author":"Crane","year":"1986","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2015.1023450","article-title":"Correlates of skin and soft tissue infections in injection drug users in a syringe-exchange program in Malmo, Sweden","volume":"50","author":"Dahlman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2008.69.924","article-title":"Drug users seeking emergency care for soft tissue infection at high risk for subsequent hospitalization and death","volume":"69","author":"Binswanger","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1086\/320879","article-title":"Risk factors for skin and soft-tissue abscesses among injection drug users: a case-control study","volume":"33","author":"Murphy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(02)00017-X","article-title":"Skin and soft tissue infections in injection drug users","volume":"16","author":"Ebright","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-51-3-278","article-title":"Bacillus cereus cellulitis from contaminated heroin","volume":"51","author":"Dancer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2007.00452.x","article-title":"Necrotizing fasciitis: manifestations, microbiology and connection with black tar heroin","volume":"52","author":"Dunbar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.11.859","article-title":"Wound botulism associated with black tar heroin among injecting drug users","volume":"279","author":"Passaro","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0070","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tetanus surveillance \u2013 United States, 1998\u20132000","volume":"52","author":"Pascual","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_sbref0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001498","article-title":"Epidemiology and outcomes of hospitalized children with necrotizing soft-tissue infections","volume":"36","author":"Totapally","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_sbref0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182456f02","article-title":"Characteristics, therapies, and outcome of children with necrotizing soft tissue infections","volume":"31","author":"Endorf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_sbref0072","first-page":"127","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of pediatric necrotizing fasciitis: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"27","author":"Zundel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.03.031","article-title":"Bacterial pyomyositis in the United States","volume":"117","author":"Crum","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2005.08.003","article-title":"Tropical and temperate pyomyositis","volume":"19","author":"Small","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-016-1158-2","article-title":"Pyomyositis is not only a tropical pathology: a case series","volume":"10","author":"Comegna","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(94)90530-4","article-title":"Tropical pyomyositis","volume":"29","author":"Sissolak","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00512-X","article-title":"Tropical pyomyositis and human toxocariasis: a clinical and experimental study","volume":"109","author":"Rayes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-8389(05)70278-5","article-title":"Imaging of soft tissue infections","volume":"39","author":"Struk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10140-007-0593-1","article-title":"MR imaging findings of pyogenic bacterial myositis (pyomyositis) in patients with local muscle trauma: illustrative cases","volume":"14","author":"Theodorou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/155.2.220","article-title":"Comparison of clindamycin, rifampin, tetracycline, metronidazole, and penicillin for efficacy in prevention of experimental gas gangrene due to Clostridium perfringens","volume":"155","author":"Stevens","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0082","first-page":"124","article-title":"Clinical features of non-clostridial gas gangrene and risk factors for in-hospital mortality","volume":"40","author":"Takazawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tokai J Exp Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1086\/497143","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft-tissue infections","volume":"41","author":"Stevens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116240","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin contains specific antibodies inhibitory to activation of T cells by staphylococcal toxin superantigens","volume":"91","author":"Takei","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Investig"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.156.8.3057","article-title":"Plasma from patients with severe invasive Group A streptococcal infections treated with normal polyspecific IgG inhibits streptococcal superantigen-induced T cell proliferation and cytokine production","volume":"156","author":"Norrby-Teglund","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.5.2279-2283.1998","article-title":"Opsonic antibodies to the surface M protein of group A streptococci in pooled normal immunoglobulins (IVIG): potential impact on the clinical efficacy of IVIG therapy for severe invasive group A streptococcal infections","volume":"66","author":"Basma","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl173","article-title":"Human intravenous immunoglobulin for experimental streptococcal toxic shock: bacterial clearance and modulation of inflammation","volume":"58","author":"Sriskandan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2015.07.017","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin in necrotizing fasciitis \u2013 A case report and review of recent literature","volume":"4","author":"Koch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-5229.94433","article-title":"Use of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in the treatment of septic shock, in particular severe invasive group A streptococcal disease","volume":"16","author":"Raithatha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.19.13.1094.31589","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin as adjunctive treatment for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome associated with necrotizing fasciitis: case report and review","volume":"19","author":"Cawley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1086\/376630","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: A European randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Darenberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1086\/515199","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome\u2014a comparative observational study","volume":"28","author":"Kaul","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Canadian Streptococcal Study Group. Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linner A, Darenberg J, Sjolin J, Henriques-Normark B, Norrby-Teglund A. Clinical efficacy of polyspecific intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in patients with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a comparative observational study Clin Infect Dis 2014 ; 59 : 851\u20137.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu449"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1086\/606048","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin in children with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Shah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0924857918300505?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0924857918300505?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T19:21:23Z","timestamp":1720120883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0924857918300505"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0924857918300505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-8579"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-8579","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hot topics in necrotising skin and soft tissue infections","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.02.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"simple-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier B.V. and International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}