{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T12:39:43Z","timestamp":1790512783030,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,1]],"date-time":"2013-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"2K24 DK080140"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["internationaljournalofcardiology.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,7]],"date-time":"2013-09-07T19:33:22Z","timestamp":1378582402000},"page":"166-176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":155,"title":["Ectopic fat and cardiometabolic and vascular risk"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"Soo","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James B.","family":"Meigs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6428.1401","article-title":"Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity, and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: 13year follow up of participants in the study of men born in 1913","volume":"288","author":"Larsson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05488","article-title":"Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome","volume":"444","author":"Despres","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675355","article-title":"Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments: association with metabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"116","author":"Fox","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.673756","article-title":"Body fat distribution and risk of coronary heart disease in men and women in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition in Norfolk cohort: a population-based prospective study","volume":"116","author":"Canoy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.013532","article-title":"Increases in central fat mass and decreases in peripheral fat mass are associated with accelerated arterial stiffening in healthy adults: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study","volume":"94","author":"Schouten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890500383895","article-title":"Is visceral obesity the cause of the metabolic syndrome?","volume":"38","author":"Despres","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23593","article-title":"Fatty liver is associated with dyslipidemia and dysglycemia independent of visceral fat: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"51","author":"Speliotes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.10.2337","article-title":"Intramyocellular lipid is associated with resistance to in vivo insulin actions on glucose uptake, antilipolysis, and early insulin signaling pathways in human skeletal muscle","volume":"50","author":"Virkamaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.743062","article-title":"Pericardial fat, visceral abdominal fat, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and vascular calcification in a community-based sample: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"117","author":"Rosito","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.286","article-title":"Gluteofemoral body fat as a determinant of metabolic health","volume":"34","author":"Manolopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6512.13","article-title":"Ultrasound scanning in the detection of hepatic fibrosis and steatosis","volume":"292","author":"Saverymuttu","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.199","article-title":"Methods of estimation of visceral fat: advantages of ultrasonography","volume":"11","author":"Ribeiro-Filho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.45","article-title":"Epicardial fat from echocardiography: a new method for visceral adipose tissue prediction","volume":"11","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2009.10.013","article-title":"Echocardiographic epicardial fat: a review of research and clinical applications","volume":"22","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq522","article-title":"Para- and perirenal fat thickness is an independent predictor of chronic kidney disease, increased renal resistance index and hyperuricaemia in type-2 diabetic patients","volume":"26","author":"Lamacchia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.20426","article-title":"Sonographic evaluation of visceral fat by measuring para- and perirenal fat","volume":"36","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Ultrasound"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.211.1.r99ap15283","article-title":"Abdominal fat: standardized technique for measurement at CT","volume":"211","author":"Yoshizumi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.110.958884","article-title":"Periaortic fat deposition is associated with peripheral arterial disease: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"3","author":"Fox","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.267","article-title":"Novel measurements of periaortic adipose tissue in comparison to anthropometric measures of obesity, and abdominal adipose tissue","volume":"33","author":"Schlett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-12-52","article-title":"Development and reproducibility of a computed tomography-based measurement of renal sinus fat","volume":"12","author":"Foster","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10092284","article-title":"Follow-up whole-body assessment of adipose tissue compartments during a lifestyle intervention in a large cohort at increased risk for type 2 diabetes","volume":"257","author":"Machann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.5.1778","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging of total body fat","volume":"85","author":"Thomas","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20292","article-title":"Standardized assessment of whole body adipose tissue topography by MRI","volume":"21","author":"Machann","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2010.00824.x","article-title":"Assessment of abdominal adipose tissue and organ fat content by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2009.03.001","article-title":"Predicting abdominal adipose tissue among women with familial partial lipodystrophy","volume":"58","author":"Joy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2013.04.001","article-title":"Whole body fat: content and distribution","volume":"73","author":"Thomas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mco.0000171150.49248.14","article-title":"Pediatric obesity phenotyping by magnetic resonance methods","volume":"8","author":"Shen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20831","article-title":"Water\u2013fat separation with IDEAL gradient-echo imaging","volume":"25","author":"Reeder","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22603","article-title":"Evaluation of adipose tissue volume quantification with IDEAL fat\u2013water separation","volume":"34","author":"Alabousi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21561","article-title":"Comparative MR study of hepatic fat quantification using single-voxel proton spectroscopy, two-point dixon and three-point IDEAL","volume":"59","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.352","article-title":"Comparison of fat\u2013water MRI and single-voxel MRS in the assessment of hepatic and pancreatic fat fractions in humans","volume":"18","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-1128-3","article-title":"Perivascular fatty tissue at the brachial artery is linked to insulin resistance but not to local endothelial dysfunction","volume":"51","author":"Rittig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.4.817","article-title":"Skeletal muscle lipid content and oxidative enzyme activity in relation to muscle fiber type in type 2 diabetes and obesity","volume":"50","author":"He","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082889","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in the elderly: possible role in insulin resistance","volume":"300","author":"Petersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4070","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0584","article-title":"Noninvasive quantification of pancreatic fat in humans","volume":"94","author":"Lingvay","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61604","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061604","article-title":"Association between myocardial triglyceride content and cardiac function in healthy subjects and endurance athletes","volume":"8","author":"Sai","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.190","article-title":"In vivo precision of the GE Lunar iDXA densitometer for the measurement of total body composition and fat distribution in adults","volume":"65","author":"Hind","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2008.01.047","article-title":"Utility of USPIO-enhanced MR imaging to identify inflammation and the fibrous cap: a comparison of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals","volume":"70","author":"Howarth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.23813","article-title":"Automatic intra-subject registration-based segmentation of abdominal fat from three-dimensional water\u2013fat MRI","volume":"37","author":"Joshi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1134","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00282.2012","article-title":"PET imaging reveals distinctive roles for different regional adipose tissue depots in systemic glucose metabolism in nonobese humans","volume":"303","author":"Ng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808949","article-title":"Functional brown adipose tissue in healthy adults","volume":"360","author":"Virtanen","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0210","article-title":"Validation of FDG uptake in the arterial wall as an imaging biomarker of atherosclerotic plaques with (18) F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (FDG-PET\/CT)","author":"Bucci","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.01.009","article-title":"Etiology of insulin resistance","volume":"119","author":"Petersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0395","article-title":"Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ","volume":"89","author":"Kershaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e318233bc6a","article-title":"Assessing adiposity: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"124","author":"Cornier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E454","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00203.2004","article-title":"Molecular evidence supporting the portal theory: a causative link between visceral adiposity and hepatic insulin resistance","volume":"288","author":"Kabir","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29069","article-title":"Inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"116","author":"Shoelson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250050804","article-title":"Plasma leptin concentrations: gender differences and associations with metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease","volume":"40","author":"Couillard","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.5.7463","article-title":"Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia","volume":"86","author":"Weyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-1039","article-title":"Visceral adipocyte hypertrophy is associated with dyslipidemia independent of body composition and fat distribution in women","volume":"60","author":"Veilleux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7678183","article-title":"Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance","volume":"259","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0260","first-page":"147","article-title":"Regulation of hepatic acute phase plasma protein genes by hepatocyte stimulating factors and other mediators of inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Baumann","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2538","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: current pathogenesis and therapeutic options","volume":"17","author":"Weber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-2280","article-title":"Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue: a protective fat depot?","volume":"32","author":"Porter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.710509","article-title":"Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue volumes are cross-sectionally related to markers of inflammation and oxidative stress: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"116","author":"Pou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1756","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0615","article-title":"Preferential fat deposition in subcutaneous versus visceral depots is associated with insulin sensitivity","volume":"96","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5419","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1378","article-title":"Impact of abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue on cardiometabolic risk factors: the Jackson Heart Study","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0841-7","article-title":"Fat depot-related differences in gene expression, adiponectin secretion, and insulin action and signalling in human adipocytes differentiated in vitro from precursor stromal cells","volume":"51","author":"Perrini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2009.00623.x","article-title":"Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: structural and functional differences","volume":"11","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.04.004","article-title":"Beneficial effects of subcutaneous fat transplantation on metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Tran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.21.1843","article-title":"Abdominal adiposity and coronary heart disease in women","volume":"280","author":"Rexrode","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802695","article-title":"Measures of abdominal obesity assessed for visceral adiposity and relation to coronary risk","volume":"28","author":"Onat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.19.3.287","article-title":"Insulin resistance and body fat distribution","volume":"19","author":"Yamashita","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.11.1808","article-title":"Visceral adiposity and incident coronary heart disease in Japanese\u2013American men. The 10-year follow-up results of the Seattle Japanese\u2013American Community Diabetes Study","volume":"22","author":"Fujimoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.04.029","article-title":"Increased visceral adipose tissue mass is associated with increased C-reactive protein in patients with manifest vascular diseases","volume":"212","author":"Faber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27694","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027694","article-title":"Android fat depot is more closely associated with metabolic syndrome than abdominal visceral fat in elderly people","volume":"6","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E941","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.2000.278.5.E941","article-title":"Subdivisions of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and insulin resistance","volume":"278","author":"Kelley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-1500","article-title":"Does measurement site for visceral and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue alter associations with the metabolic syndrome?","volume":"29","author":"Kuk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1405","article-title":"Visceral fatness and insulin sensitivity in women with a previous history of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"30","author":"Lim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.007153","article-title":"Subcutaneous adipose tissue in relation to subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiometabolic risk factors in midlife women","volume":"93","author":"Wildman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2009.05.018","article-title":"Hepatic insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease","volume":"42","author":"Meshkani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.10.039","article-title":"Diabetes is a progression factor for hepatic fibrosis in a high fat fed mouse obesity model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"55","author":"Lo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0106","article-title":"Abnormal liver function test predicts type 2 diabetes: a community-based prospective study","volume":"30","author":"Cho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.147538","article-title":"Fatty liver: a novel component of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Kotronen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3541","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.12.3541","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of future cardiovascular events among type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"54","author":"Targher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2008.06.036","article-title":"Evaluation of diffuse liver steatosis by ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging: which modality is best?","volume":"33","author":"Qayyum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031314","article-title":"Impaired mitochondrial activity in the insulin-resistant offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"350","author":"Petersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0b013e31824baff3","article-title":"Hepatic fat quantification: a prospective comparison of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and analysis methods for chemical-shift gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging with histologic assessment as the reference standard","volume":"47","author":"Kang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.10.41","article-title":"Comparison of 1H MR spectroscopy, 3-point DIXON, and multi-echo gradient echo for measuring hepatic fat fraction","volume":"10","author":"Ishizaka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.49.5.749","article-title":"Hepatic fat content and insulin action on free fatty acids and glucose metabolism rather than insulin absorption are associated with insulin requirements during insulin therapy in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"49","author":"Ryysy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15430","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904944106","article-title":"Intrahepatic fat, not visceral fat, is linked with metabolic complications of obesity","volume":"106","author":"Fabbrini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i10.1579","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a novel predictor of cardiovascular disease","volume":"13","author":"Hamaguchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0349","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is independently associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"30","author":"Targher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.02.049","article-title":"Effects of hepatic triglyceride content on myocardial metabolism in type 2 diabetes","volume":"56","author":"Rijzewijk","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1820","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Bonapace","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0912063","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"363","author":"Targher","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(96)90260-7","article-title":"Intramuscular triglyceride and muscle insulin sensitivity: evidence for a relationship in nondiabetic subjects","volume":"45","author":"Phillips","year":"1996","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.5.933","article-title":"Skeletal muscle triglyceride. An aspect of regional adiposity and insulin resistance","volume":"24","author":"Kelley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00197.2002","article-title":"Intramuscular triacylglycerol utilization in human skeletal muscle during exercise: is there a controversy?","volume":"93","author":"Watt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.012809.104817","article-title":"The effect of exercise and nutrition on intramuscular fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity","volume":"30","author":"Shaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5755","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.12.8075","article-title":"Skeletal muscle lipid content and insulin resistance: evidence for a paradox in endurance-trained athletes","volume":"86","author":"Goodpaster","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0460","first-page":"2437","article-title":"Mechanisms of enhanced insulin sensitivity in endurance-trained athletes: effects on blood flow and differential expression of GLUT 4 in skeletal muscles","volume":"80","author":"Hardin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1637-7","article-title":"Low subcutaneous thigh fat is a risk factor for unfavourable glucose and lipid levels, independently of high abdominal fat. The Health ABC Study","volume":"48","author":"Snijder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/86.4.952","article-title":"Estimation of thigh muscle cross-sectional area by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in frail elderly patients","volume":"86","author":"Hansen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/71.4.885","article-title":"Thigh adipose tissue distribution is associated with insulin resistance in obesity and in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"71","author":"Goodpaster","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.280","article-title":"Fat infiltration in muscle: new evidence for familial clustering and associations with diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Miljkovic-Gacic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.2.244","article-title":"Increased intramyocellular lipid concentration identifies impaired glucose metabolism in women with previous gestational diabetes","volume":"52","author":"Kautzky-Willer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14364-4","article-title":"Prediabetes in obese youth: a syndrome of impaired glucose tolerance, severe insulin resistance, and altered myocellular and abdominal fat partitioning","volume":"362","author":"Weiss","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.5.1113","article-title":"Association of increased intramyocellular lipid content with insulin resistance in lean nondiabetic offspring of type 2 diabetic subjects","volume":"48","author":"Jacob","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.1.144","article-title":"Insulin resistance in morbid obesity: reversal with intramyocellular fat depletion","volume":"51","author":"Greco","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.210","article-title":"High fat stores in ectopic compartments in men with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: an anthropometric determinant of carotid atherosclerosis and insulin resistance","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01035.2007","article-title":"Femoral\u2013gluteal subcutaneous and intermuscular adipose tissues have independent and opposing relationships with CVD risk","volume":"104","author":"Yim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802929","article-title":"Lower-body fat mass as an independent marker of insulin sensitivity\u2014the role of adiponectin","volume":"29","author":"Buemann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.48","article-title":"Relationship of serum adiponectin and leptin concentrations with body fat distribution in humans","volume":"11","author":"Staiger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.20","article-title":"Transplantation of adipose tissue and stem cells: role in metabolism and disease","volume":"6","author":"Tran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/74.3.315","article-title":"Waist and hip circumferences have independent and opposite effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors: the Quebec Family Study","volume":"74","author":"Seidell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.43.645","article-title":"Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in endogenous hypercortisolism: shared features with metabolic syndrome X and NIDDM","volume":"43","author":"Friedman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000126485.80373.33","article-title":"Energy partitioning in gluteal\u2013femoral fat: does the metabolic fate of triglycerides affect coronary heart disease risk?","volume":"24","author":"Lemieux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.1.9703018","article-title":"Neck and total body fat deposition in nonobese and obese patients with sleep apnea compared with that in control subjects","volume":"157","author":"Mortimore","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802002","article-title":"Association of neck circumference with insulin resistance-related factors","volume":"26","author":"Laakso","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1779","article-title":"Neck circumference as a novel measure of cardiometabolic risk: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"95","author":"Preis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.2.8756795","article-title":"Recognition of obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"154","author":"Strohl","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.6.1271","article-title":"Sleep-related breathing disorders and risk of stroke","volume":"32","author":"Mohsenin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.35","article-title":"Relationship of neck circumference to cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"11","author":"Ben-Noun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2008.03.024","article-title":"Cervical CT derived neck fat tissue distribution differences in Japanese males and females and its effect on retroglossal and retropalatal airway volume","volume":"106","author":"Shigeta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1983","article-title":"Relationship between neck circumference and cardiometabolic parameters in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected adults","volume":"34","author":"Fitch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3765","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0580","article-title":"Minireview: the adipocyte\u2014at the crossroads of energy homeostasis, inflammation, and atherosclerosis","volume":"144","author":"Rajala","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802858","article-title":"Ectopic fat storage in heart, blood vessels and kidneys in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases","volume":"28","author":"Montani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.027375","article-title":"Role of perivascular adipose tissue-derived methyl palmitate in vascular tone regulation and pathogenesis of hypertension","volume":"124","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.44.8.863","article-title":"Lipotoxicity in the pathogenesis of obesity-dependent NIDDM. Genetic and clinical implications","volume":"44","author":"Unger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.04.006","article-title":"Lipid metabolism and toxicity in the heart","volume":"15","author":"Goldberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.03.019","article-title":"Human epicardial adipose tissue: a review","volume":"153","author":"Sacks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio0319","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue: anatomic, biomolecular and clinical relationships with the heart","volume":"2","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.04.002","article-title":"Relation of epicardial and pericoronary fat to coronary atherosclerosis and coronary artery calcium in patients undergoing coronary angiography","volume":"102","author":"Gorter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.02.013","article-title":"Association of pericoronary fat volume with atherosclerotic plaque burden in the underlying coronary artery: a segment analysis","volume":"211","author":"Mahabadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6300","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1087","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue and insulin resistance in obese subjects","volume":"90","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.300829","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue volume and adipocytokine imbalance are strongly linked to human coronary atherosclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Shimabukuro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2010.10.117","article-title":"Epicardial fat thickness and coronary artery disease correlate independently of obesity","volume":"146","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66585-3","article-title":"\u201cVasocrine\u201d signalling from perivascular fat: a mechanism linking insulin resistance to vascular disease","volume":"365","author":"Yudkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000099542.57313.C5","article-title":"Human epicardial adipose tissue is a source of inflammatory mediators","volume":"108","author":"Mazurek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.108.180653","article-title":"Pericardial adipose tissue determined by dual source CT is a risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis","volume":"29","author":"Greif","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4689","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-0584","article-title":"Myocardial triglyceride content and epicardial fat mass in human obesity: relationship to left ventricular function and serum free fatty acid levels","volume":"91","author":"Kankaanpaa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2006.00293.x","article-title":"Epicardial fat: properties, function and relationship to obesity","volume":"8","author":"Rabkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2011.07.003","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue: emerging physiological, pathophysiological and clinical features","volume":"22","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.07.062","article-title":"Myocardial steatosis is an independent predictor of diastolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"52","author":"Rijzewijk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2011.224451","article-title":"Myocardial steatosis, cardiac remodelling and fitness in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant obese women","volume":"97","author":"Utz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.71.536","article-title":"Echocardiographic epicardial fat thickness and coronary artery disease","volume":"71","author":"Jeong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.828970","article-title":"Pericardial fat, intrathoracic fat, and measures of left ventricular structure and function: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"119","author":"Fox","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.246","article-title":"Pericardial fat amount is an independent risk factor of coronary artery stenosis assessed by multidetector-row computed tomography: the Korean Atherosclerosis Study 2","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.591","article-title":"Volumetric assessment of epicardial adipose tissue with cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"15","author":"Fluchter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.109.912055","article-title":"Pericardial fat is associated with prevalent atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"3","author":"Thanassoulis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000188508.40052.35","article-title":"Production of chemokines by perivascular adipose tissue: a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis?","volume":"25","author":"Henrichot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2011.01.035","article-title":"Pericardial and thoracic peri-aortic adipose tissues contribute to systemic inflammation and calcified coronary atherosclerosis independent of body fat composition, anthropometric measures and traditional cardiovascular risks","volume":"81","author":"Yun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.811547","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance","volume":"121","author":"Pennell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.01.007","article-title":"Peri-aortic fat, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and aortic calcification: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"210","author":"Lehman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2012.02.003","article-title":"Paracrine regulation of vascular tone, inflammation and insulin sensitivity by perivascular adipose tissue","volume":"56","author":"Eringa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vascul Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.821181","article-title":"Local inflammation and hypoxia abolish the protective anticontractile properties of perivascular fat in obese patients","volume":"119","author":"Greenstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.157370","article-title":"Renal sinus fat and poor blood pressure control in middle-aged and elderly individuals at risk for cardiovascular events","volume":"56","author":"Chughtai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0745","first-page":"869","article-title":"Renal sinus lipomatosis and body composition in hypertensive, obese rabbits","volume":"19","author":"Dwyer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.02.010","article-title":"Obesity and hypertension: mechanisms, cardio-renal consequences, and therapeutic approaches","volume":"93","author":"Reisin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-12-148","article-title":"Heritability and genome-wide association analysis of renal sinus fat accumulation in the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"12","author":"Foster","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.175315","article-title":"Fatty kidney, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"58","author":"Foster","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.12110772","article-title":"MR imaging evaluation of cardiovascular risk in metabolic syndrome","volume":"264","author":"van der Meer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0487","article-title":"High prevalence of brown adipose tissue in adult humans","volume":"96","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60105-0","article-title":"Separate and combined associations of body-mass index and abdominal adiposity with cardiovascular disease: collaborative analysis of 58 prospective studies","volume":"377","author":"Wormser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801871","article-title":"A pilot study of long-term effects of a novel obesity treatment: omentectomy in connection with adjustable gastric banding","volume":"26","author":"Thorne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24484","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M202449200","article-title":"WY14,643, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) agonist, improves hepatic and muscle steatosis and reverses insulin resistance in lipoatrophic A-ZIP\/F-1 mice","volume":"277","author":"Chou","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012437","article-title":"Leptin-replacement therapy for lipodystrophy","volume":"346","author":"Oral","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215001","article-title":"Leptin reverses insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in patients with severe lipodystrophy","volume":"109","author":"Petersen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.11.013","article-title":"Changes in fitness and fatness on the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and hypercholesterolemia","volume":"59","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26621","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026621","article-title":"Body configuration as a predictor of mortality: comparison of five anthropometric measures in a 12year follow-up of the Norwegian HUNT 2 Study","volume":"6","author":"Petursson","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn573","article-title":"Association of pericardial fat, intrathoracic fat, and visceral abdominal fat with cardiovascular disease burden: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"30","author":"Mahabadi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glr059","article-title":"Effects of body composition and adipose tissue distribution on respiratory function in elderly men and women: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study","volume":"66","author":"Rossi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1464-y","article-title":"Insulin resistance, beta cell dysfunction and visceral adiposity as predictors of incident diabetes: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) Family Study","volume":"52","author":"Hanley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2490","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.10.2490","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and abdominal fat: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) Family Study","volume":"52","author":"Wagenknecht","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E982","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3305","article-title":"Adiponectin as an independent predictor of the presence and degree of hepatic steatosis in the Dallas Heart Study","volume":"97","author":"Turer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.555573","article-title":"Impact of body mass and body composition on circulating levels of natriuretic peptides: results from the Dallas Heart Study","volume":"112","author":"Das","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11110346","article-title":"The association of pericardial fat with coronary artery plaque index at MR imaging: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"261","author":"Miao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2009.03.008","article-title":"Association between carotid intima\u2013media thickness and pericardial fat in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)","volume":"19","author":"Soliman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0107","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity: prevalence and association with metabolic syndrome in the Korean Longitudinal Study on Health and Aging (KLoSHA)","volume":"33","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.013","article-title":"Comparison of regional body composition and its relation with cardiometabolic risk between BMI-matched young and old subjects","volume":"224","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1312","article-title":"Pericardial fat and echocardiographic measures of cardiac abnormalities: the Jackson Heart Study","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077_bb0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2715","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.234062","article-title":"Fatty liver, abdominal visceral fat, and cardiometabolic risk factors: the Jackson Heart Study","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167527313016604?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167527313016604?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]],"date-time":"2019-07-23T16:09:35Z","timestamp":1563898175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167527313016604"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"references-count":173,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0167527313016604"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-5273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-5273","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Ectopic fat and cardiometabolic and vascular risk","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Cardiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.08.077","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}