{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T19:46:27Z","timestamp":1775677587630,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000761","name":"Imperial College London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000761","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011856","name":"Mauritius Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011856","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008898","name":"National Space Biomedical Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008898","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","internationaljournalofcardiology.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]],"date-time":"2019-11-26T11:21:38Z","timestamp":1574767298000},"page":"237-244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Impact on survival of combination inhalers in patients with COPD at high risk of cardiovascular events"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"300","author":[{"given":"Hitesh C.","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Hayward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ketna S.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Claggett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Vazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin R.","family":"Cowie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2012-301759","article-title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?","volume":"98","author":"Stone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2110093","article-title":"Hospitalizations and mortality in the Lung Health Study","volume":"166","author":"Anthonisen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.9.799","article-title":"Effects of fluticasone propionate on inflammatory cells in COPD: an ultrastructural examination of endobronchial biopsy tissue","volume":"57","author":"Gizycki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.042200","article-title":"C-reactive protein in patients with COPD, control smokers and non-smokers","volume":"61","author":"Pinto-Plata","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa063070","article-title":"Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"356","author":"Calverley","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30069-1","article-title":"Fluticasone furoate and vilanterol and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with heightened cardiovascular risk (SUMMIT): a double-blind randomised controlled trial","volume":"387","author":"Vestbo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.136077","article-title":"Cardiovascular events in patients with COPD: TORCH study results","volume":"65","author":"Calverley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2017.08.016","article-title":"Inhaled corticosteroid\/long-acting bronchodilator treatment mitigates STEMI clinical presentation in COPD patients","volume":"47","author":"Contoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67394-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins","volume":"366","author":"Baigent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv098","article-title":"Data resource profile: Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD)","volume":"44","author":"Herrett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-005540","article-title":"Validation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease recording in the clinical practice research Datalink (CPRD-GOLD)","volume":"4","author":"Quint","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2009.03537.x","article-title":"Validation and validity of diagnoses in the general practice research database: a systematic review","volume":"69","author":"Herrett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hicks KA, Tcheng JE, Bozkurt B, Chaitman BR, Cutlip DE, Farb A, et al. 2014 ACC\/AHA Key Data Elements and Definitions for Cardiovascular Endpoint Events in Clinical Trials: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Data Standards (Writing Committee to Develop Cardiovascular Endpoints Data Standards). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:403\u201369.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000156"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7329.71","article-title":"Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ","volume":"324","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61212-5","article-title":"Blood pressure-lowering treatment based on cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of individual patient data","volume":"384","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.11432","article-title":"To T, Upshur R, et al. combination long-acting beta-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids compared with long-acting beta-agonists alone in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"312","author":"Gershon","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.019902","article-title":"Good clinical practice guidance and pragmatic clinical trials: balancing the best of both worlds","volume":"133","author":"Mentz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2015.33","article-title":"Registry-based randomized clinical trials--a new clinical trial paradigm","volume":"12","author":"James","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)30243-0","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in COPD: time to quash a silent killer","volume":"4","author":"Bolton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvv019","article-title":"Overview of the pharmacological challenges facing physicians in the management of patients with concomitant cardiovascular disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"1","author":"Campo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.pubmed.a024463","article-title":"Inaccuracy\u2019 in death certification\u2013where are we now?","volume":"18","author":"Maudsley","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Public Health Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0110","first-page":"346","article-title":"Completeness and diagnostic validity of recording acute myocardial infarction events in primary care, hospital care, disease registry, and national mortality records: cohort study","volume":"f2350","author":"Herrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206732","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of long-acting beta-agonist\/long-acting muscarinic antagonist combinations in COPD: a network meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Oba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thorax."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117592","article-title":"Finkle WD. A critical look at methods for handling missing covariates in epidemiologic regression analyses","volume":"142","author":"Greenland","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.2.147","article-title":"Missing data: our view of the state of the art","volume":"7","author":"Schafer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S3036","article-title":"Medication adherence issues in patients treated for COPD","volume":"3","author":"Restrepo","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/217047","article-title":"Medication adherence measures: an overview","volume":"2015","author":"Lam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm324","article-title":"Immortal time bias in pharmaco-epidemiology","volume":"167","author":"Suissa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdr054","article-title":"Systematic review of discharge coding accuracy","volume":"34","author":"Burns","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167527319332292?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167527319332292?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T20:45:45Z","timestamp":1759092345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167527319332292"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["S0167527319332292"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-5273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-5273","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Impact on survival of combination inhalers in patients with COPD at high risk of cardiovascular events","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Cardiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2019.11.138","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}