{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:36:34Z","timestamp":1791293794752,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012830","name":"Hunan Province Development and Reform Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012830","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","internationaljournalofcardiology.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,12]],"date-time":"2021-03-12T00:19:20Z","timestamp":1615508360000},"page":"15-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Characteristics and reference values for cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the adult Chinese population \u2013 The Xiangya hospital exercise testing project (the X-ET project)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"332","author":[{"given":"Yaoshan","family":"Dun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqian","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey W.","family":"Ripley-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baiyang","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuxia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihua","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingfang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suixin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000461","article-title":"Importance of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in clinical practice: a case for fitness as a clinical vital sign: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"134","author":"Ross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2005.077487","article-title":"Peak oxygen pulse during exercise as a predictor for coronary heart disease and all cause death","volume":"92","author":"Laukkanen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2007.03.004","article-title":"The minute ventilation\/carbon dioxide production slope is prognostically superior to the oxygen uptake efficiency slope","volume":"13","author":"Arena","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E694","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000406","article-title":"2016 focused update: clinical recommendations for cardiopulmonary exercise testing data assessment in specific patient populations","volume":"133","author":"Guazzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31826fb946","article-title":"Clinical recommendations for cardiopulmonary exercise testing data assessment in specific patient populations","volume":"126","author":"Guazzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0030","series-title":"American Census Survey Demographic and Housing Estimates","author":"Bureau","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0035","series-title":"Principles of Exercise Testing and Interpretation-Including Pathophysiology and Clinical Application","author":"Wasserman","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1843.2002.00393.x","article-title":"Predictive values for cardiopulmonary exercise testing in sedentary Chinese adults","volume":"7","author":"Ong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Respirology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.105.5.1365","article-title":"Prediction of heart rate and oxygen uptake during incremental and maximal exercise in healthy adults","volume":"105","author":"Fairbarn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0050","first-page":"700","article-title":"Normal standards for an incremental progressive cycle ergometer test","volume":"131","author":"Jones","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0055","first-page":"538","article-title":"Normal cardiopulmonary responses during incremental exercise in 20- to 70-yr-old men","volume":"26","author":"Inbar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e328336a124","article-title":"Influence of age, sex, body size, smoking, and beta blockade on key gas exchange exercise parameters in an adult population","volume":"17","author":"Glaser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1984.129.2P2.S49","article-title":"Predicted values for clinical exercise testing","volume":"129","author":"Hansen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.99.14613049","article-title":"Prediction of metabolic and cardiopulmonary responses to maximum cycle ergometry: a randomised study","volume":"14","author":"Neder","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0075","first-page":"II31","article-title":"Evaluation of severity of heart failure using ventilatory gas analysis","volume":"81","author":"Itoh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-8-34","article-title":"Physical function and self-rated health status as predictors of mortality: results from longitudinal analysis in the ilSIRENTE study","volume":"8","author":"Cesari","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638682","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.638682","article-title":"Safety of exercise testing in the clinical Chinese population","volume":"8","author":"Dun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181e52e69","article-title":"Clinician\u2019s guide to cardiopulmonary exercise testing in adults: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"122","author":"Balady","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1161\/hc3901.095960","article-title":"Exercise standards for testing and training - a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association","volume":"104","author":"Fletcher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31829b5b44","article-title":"Exercise standards for testing and training: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"128","author":"Fletcher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000041428.99427.06","article-title":"Exercise anaerobic threshold and ventilatory efficiency identify heart failure patients for high risk of early death","volume":"106","author":"Gitt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.60.6.2020","article-title":"A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange","volume":"60","author":"Beaver","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-1117","article-title":"Lower limit of normal is better than 70% or 80%","volume":"139","author":"Hansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0120","series-title":"Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic: Report of a WHO Consultation on Obesity","author":"Organization WH","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw053","article-title":"Use of exercise capacity to improve SCORE risk prediction model in asymptomatic adults","volume":"37","author":"Israel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011858","article-title":"Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing","volume":"346","author":"Myers","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2019.60.6.547","article-title":"Characteristics and safety of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in elderly patients with cardiovascular diseases in Korea","volume":"60","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5669-1","article-title":"Exercise and cancer mortality in Korean men and women: a prospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Jee","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2015.5242","article-title":"Utility of pretest probability and exercise treadmill test in Korean Women with Suspected Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2014.11.002","article-title":"Relationship between chronotropic incompetence and \u03b2-blockers based on changes in chronotropic response during cardiopulmonary exercise testing","volume":"6","author":"Takano","year":"2015","journal-title":"IJC Heart Vasc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00640653","article-title":"Oxygen uptake as related to work rate increment during cycle ergometer exercise","volume":"57","author":"Hansen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol."},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510383838","article-title":"Understanding racial-ethnic disparities in health: sociological contributions","volume":"51","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0165","first-page":"E519","article-title":"Coupling of external to cellular respiration during exercise: the wisdom of the body revisited","volume":"266","author":"Wasserman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.4.9902063","article-title":"Ethnic differences in pulmonary function in healthy nonsmoking Asian-Americans and European-Americans","volume":"161","author":"Korotzer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001264","article-title":"Race-ethnic and sex differences in left ventricular structure and function: the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study","volume":"4","author":"Kishi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20956","article-title":"Ethnicity-related skeletal muscle differences across the lifespan","volume":"22","author":"Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01066.2001","article-title":"Prepubertal Asians have less limb skeletal muscle","volume":"92","author":"Song","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.5.1758","article-title":"Skeletal muscle characteristics in sedentary black and Caucasian males","volume":"61","author":"Ama","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-013-9403-x","article-title":"Predicted values of exercise capacity in heart failure: where we are, where to go","volume":"19","author":"Gargiulo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cky030","article-title":"Association of physical activity with body mass index, waist circumference and incidence of obesity in older adults","volume":"28","author":"Cardenas Fuentes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pub. Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167527321004708?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167527321004708?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T20:52:58Z","timestamp":1759092778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167527321004708"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S0167527321004708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-5273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-5273","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Characteristics and reference values for cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the adult Chinese population \u2013 The Xiangya hospital exercise testing project (the X-ET project)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Cardiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.03.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}