{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T23:47:08Z","timestamp":1769989628456,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","internationaljournalofcardiology.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T02:25:47Z","timestamp":1765592747000},"page":"134097","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cardiovascular responses to a 3-minute Harvard step test in Paediatric competitive athletes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"448","author":[{"given":"Gian Luca","family":"Ragazzoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luna","family":"Cavigli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Boncompagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guglielmo Leonardo","family":"Manfredi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Giangrandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Pucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Capparuccia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Focardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia Elena","family":"Mandoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Concetta","family":"Pastore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cosetta","family":"Meniconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Franchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Capitani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Cameli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serafina","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Bonifazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"D'Ascenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.03.002","article-title":"Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults?","volume":"42","author":"Corrado","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.13.1593","article-title":"Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening program","volume":"296","author":"Corrado","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026-4806.24.09519-3","article-title":"Italian Cardiological guidelines (COCIS) for competitive sport eligibility in athletes with heart disease: update 2024","volume":"115","author":"Zeppilli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Minerva Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0020","first-page":"31","article-title":"The step test: a simple method of measuring physical fitness for muscular work in young men","volume":"14","author":"Brouha","year":"1943","journal-title":"Res. Q. Am. Assoc. Health Phys. Educ. Recreat."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0025","first-page":"491","article-title":"The Harvard step test and work capacity","volume":"11","author":"Montoye","year":"1953","journal-title":"Rev. Can. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)01054-8","article-title":"Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited","volume":"37","author":"Tanaka","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097331","article-title":"International criteria for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes: consensus statement","volume":"51","author":"Drezner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwac218","article-title":"How to evaluate resting ECG and imaging in children practising sport: a critical review and proposal of an algorithm for ECG interpretation","volume":"30","author":"Ragazzoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100529","article-title":"How to evaluate premature ventricular beats in the athlete: critical review and proposal of a diagnostic algorithm","volume":"54","author":"Corrado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12679","article-title":"The prevalence and clinical significance of premature ventricular beats in the athlete","volume":"27","author":"D\u2019Ascenzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa605","article-title":"2020 ESC guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease","volume":"42","author":"Pelliccia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2021.1937162","article-title":"Can exercise test intensity and modality affect the prevalence of arrhythmic events in young athletes?","volume":"31","author":"Quinto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0065","article-title":"The correlates of body composition with heart rate recovery after step test: an exploratory study of Malaysian adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Hanifah","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14168","article-title":"Elevated blood pressure in childhood or adolescence and cardiovascular outcomes in adulthood","volume":"75","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2022-002155","article-title":"Young athlete\u2019s growing heart: sex differences in cardiac adaptation to exercise training during adolescence","volume":"10","author":"Fors\u00e5","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.05.021","article-title":"Resting heart rate percentiles and associated factors in children and adolescents","volume":"187","author":"Sarganas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.1998.1084","article-title":"Heart rate variability and heart rate in healthy volunteers. Is the female autonomic nervous system cardioprotective?","volume":"19","author":"Ramaekers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.109.859074","article-title":"Sex-specific pediatric percentiles for ventricular size and mass as reference values for cardiac MRI: assessment by steady-state free-precession and phase-contrast MRI flow","volume":"3","author":"Sarikouch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jez164","article-title":"Multicentre reference values for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging derived ventricular size and function for children aged 0\u201318 years","volume":"21","author":"van der Ven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0100","first-page":"13","article-title":"Sex matters: a comprehensive comparison of female and male hearts","author":"St. Pierre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1186\/2193-1801-3-445","article-title":"Sex differences in cardiovascular function during submaximal exercise in humans","volume":"3","author":"Wheatley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0110","article-title":"Female athlete\u2019s heart","volume":"13","author":"D\u2019Ascenzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0115","first-page":"1","article-title":"Resting pulse rate reference data for children, adolescents, and adults: United States, 1999-2008","volume":"41","author":"Ostchega","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Health Stat Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e32833cca4d","article-title":"Normal values for cardiopulmonary exercise testing in children","volume":"18","author":"Ten Harkel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.2010.10599707","article-title":"Evaluating the prediction of maximal heart rate in children and adolescents","volume":"81","author":"Mahon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2021-001807","article-title":"Normative blood pressure response to exercise stress testing in children and adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Clarke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.02.043","article-title":"Blood pressure response to treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise test in children with normal cardiac anatomy and function","volume":"233","author":"Sasaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpv178","article-title":"Reference values for exercise systolic blood pressure in 12- to 17-year-old adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Hacke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-107357","article-title":"Causes of sudden cardiac arrest and death and the diagnostic yield of sport preparticipation screening in children","volume":"58","author":"Graziano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad017","article-title":"Value of screening for the risk of sudden cardiac death in young competitive athletes","volume":"44","author":"Sarto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000315","article-title":"Prediction of maximal heart rate in children and adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Gelbart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Sport Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81688-9","article-title":"Energy expenditure during walking and running in obese and nonobese prepubertal children","volume":"123","author":"Maffeis","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e690","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1543","article-title":"Influence of excess adiposity on exercise fitness and performance in overweight children and adolescents","volume":"115","author":"Norman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12754","article-title":"Body weight and not exercise capacity determines central systolic blood pressure, a surrogate for arterial stiffness, in children and adolescents","volume":"18","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"issue":"8282","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)92234-6","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of obesity and hypertension","volume":"319","author":"Messerli","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097_bb0180","first-page":"317","article-title":"Obesity and the heart","volume":"2","author":"Alexander","year":"1993","journal-title":"Heart Dis. Stroke"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167527325011404?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167527325011404?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T20:46:53Z","timestamp":1769892413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167527325011404"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S0167527325011404"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-5273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-5273","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cardiovascular responses to a 3-minute Harvard step test in Paediatric competitive athletes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Cardiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.134097","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"134097"}}