{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T17:26:41Z","timestamp":1794245201892,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","internationaljournalofcardiology.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T23:35:25Z","timestamp":1782171325000},"page":"134628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Associations between population-level BCG and yellow fever vaccination and aortic mortality: A 29-year observational analysis using causal inference methods"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"461","author":[{"given":"Gabriel Kaleb","family":"Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Capela Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Pascoal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester Carolina Amando","family":"Nascimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoarda Carolina","family":"Bertholdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maikon Lucian Madeira","family":"Quarti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.08.025","article-title":"Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection","volume":"64","author":"Goldfinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.52","article-title":"Monocytes and macrophages in abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"14","author":"Raffort","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0015","first-page":"2525","article-title":"Inflammation during the life cycle of the atherosclerotic plaque","volume":"117","author":"Libby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3070","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.097097","article-title":"Neutrophil-derived matrix metalloproteinase 9 triggers acute aortic dissection","volume":"126","author":"Kurihara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E118","DOI":"10.3390\/ph12030118","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase in abdominal aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection","volume":"12","author":"Maguire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.12.083","article-title":"Targeting the immune system in atherosclerosis: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"73","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.300432","article-title":"Genetic and pharmacologic disruption of interleukin-1\u03b2 signaling inhibits experimental aortic aneurysm formation","volume":"33","author":"Johnston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.10.016","article-title":"Targeting interleukin-1\u03b2 protects from aortic aneurysms induced by disrupted transforming growth factor \u03b2 signaling","volume":"47","author":"Da Ros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914","article-title":"Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease","volume":"377","author":"Ridker","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0285-6","article-title":"Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Netea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2028358","article-title":"Postinfectious epigenetic immune modifications - a double-edged sword","volume":"384","author":"DiNardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1159\/000355628","article-title":"Long-lasting effects of BCG vaccination on both heterologous Th1\/Th17 responses and innate trained immunity","volume":"6","author":"Kleinnijenhuis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn4002","article-title":"Neonatal BCG vaccination is associated with a long-term DNA methylation signature in circulating monocytes","volume":"8","author":"Bannister","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.12.010","article-title":"BCG vaccination protects against experimental viral infection in humans through the induction of cytokines associated with trained immunity","volume":"23","author":"RJW","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.03.048","article-title":"Long-term histone lactylation connects metabolic and epigenetic rewiring in innate immune memory","volume":"188","author":"Ziogas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.312465","article-title":"Trained innate immunity as a novel mechanism linking infection and the development of atherosclerosis","volume":"122","author":"Leentjens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0085","first-page":"ehaf982","article-title":"Trained immunity in cardiovascular disease","volume":"46","author":"Riksen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2022.10.005","article-title":"Clinical impact of influenza vaccination after ST- and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction - insights from the IAMI trial","volume":"255","author":"Fr\u00f6bert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.8873","article-title":"Association of influenza vaccination with cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Behrouzi","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133799","article-title":"Effect of pneumococcal vaccine on mortality and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.02.077","article-title":"Association of pneumococcal vaccination with cardiovascular diseases in older adults: the VENUS study","volume":"41","author":"Narii","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa211","article-title":"Inflammation and cardiovascular diseases: lessons from seminal clinical trials","volume":"117","author":"Liberale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis in observational research: introducing the E-value","volume":"167","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2011-000707","article-title":"Testing the hypothesis that diphtheria\u2013tetanus\u2013pertussis vaccine has negative non-specific and sex-differential effects on child survival in high-mortality countries","volume":"2","author":"Aaby","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12728","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312728","article-title":"Epigenetic modifications at the center of the barker hypothesis and their transgenerational implications","volume":"18","author":"Ryznar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20191210","article-title":"Developmental programming of cardiovascular function: a translational perspective","volume":"134","author":"Bourque","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond.)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181d61eeb","article-title":"Negative controls: a tool for detecting confounding and bias in observational studies","volume":"21","author":"Lipsitch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5623","article-title":"Pragmatic considerations for negative control outcome studies","volume":"32","author":"Levintow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0145","series-title":"Mostly Harmless Econometrics","author":"Angrist","year":"2009"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.26f16324","article-title":"The E-value in regression","volume":"87","author":"Andrade","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v059.i05","article-title":"Mediation: R package for causal mediation analysis","volume":"59","author":"Tingley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1017\/psrm.2014.7","article-title":"Explaining fixed effects: random effects modeling of time-series cross-sectional and panel data","volume":"3","author":"Bell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polit. Sci. Res. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0165","series-title":"Efficient estimation of maximum likelihood models with multiple fixed-effects: the R package fixest","author":"Berg\u00e9","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000864","article-title":"Website and R package for computing E-values","volume":"29","author":"Mathur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.309897","article-title":"Novel role of IL-1\u03b2 in neutrophil extracellular trap formation and abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"38","author":"Meher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"issue":"1684","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0185","first-page":"1129","article-title":"Early origins of inflammation: microbial exposures in infancy predict lower levels of C-reactive protein in adulthood","volume":"277","author":"McDade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2022.02.011","article-title":"Generation of cardio-protective antibodies after pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine","volume":"346","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0200","article-title":"Colchicine for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events","volume":"11","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00845-6","article-title":"Trained immunity, tolerance, priming and differentiation: distinct immunological processes","volume":"22","author":"Divangahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.08.030","article-title":"Yellow fever","volume":"64","author":"Monath","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.310333","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1 impact abdominal aortic aneurysm formation by differential effects on macrophage polarization","volume":"38","author":"Batra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0220","article-title":"Association of BCG, DTP, and measles containing vaccines with childhood mortality: systematic review","volume":"355","author":"Higgins","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0225","series-title":"Measurement Error in Nonlinear Models: A Modern Perspective","author":"Carroll","year":"2006"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215334","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 work in concert to produce aortic aneurysms","volume":"110","author":"Longo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.05.055","article-title":"Low-dose colchicine for secondary prevention of coronary artery disease","volume":"82","author":"Nelson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2025.07.003","article-title":"2025 Concise clinical guidance: an ACC expert consensus statement on adult immunizations as part of cardiovascular care","volume":"86","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s43057-026-00186-4","article-title":"Regional disparities in surgical learning curves and maturity for congenital heart surgery in Brazil\u2019s public health system","volume":"34","author":"Martins","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0245","article-title":"Development efficiency and mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting: a national causal inference analysis","author":"Martins","year":"2026","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/venereology4040016","article-title":"Syphilis burden and aneurysm correction outcomes in Brazil (2010\u20132024): regional disparities and economic impacts","volume":"4","author":"Martins","year":"2025","journal-title":"Venereology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628_bb0235","first-page":"295","article-title":"The environment and disease: association or causation?","volume":"58","author":"Hill","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016752732600478X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016752732600478X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T15:47:30Z","timestamp":1793893650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S016752732600478X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S016752732600478X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-5273"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-5273","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Associations between population-level BCG and yellow fever vaccination and aortic mortality: A 29-year observational analysis using causal inference methods","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Cardiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2026.134628","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"134628"}}