{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T01:37:47Z","timestamp":1777081067465,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,1]],"date-time":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590969600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]],"date-time":"2020-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJC Heart & Vasculature"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T06:55:57Z","timestamp":1589957757000},"page":"100537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Vitamin D supplementation, cardiac events and stroke: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Nudy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Krakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Ghahramani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Ruzieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Foy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000399","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women: contributions from human and nonhuman primate studies","volume":"22","author":"Schnatz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.11.1174","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D and risk of myocardial infarction in men","volume":"168","author":"Giovannucci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.06.046","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D analogs on gene expression profiling in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells","volume":"186","author":"Wu-Wong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2004.03.004","article-title":"Vitamin D: a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system and blood pressure","volume":"89","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.2478\/v10039-010-0012-9","article-title":"Vitamin D derivatives: calcitriol and tacalcitol inhibits interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 expression in human nasal polyp fibroblast cultures","volume":"55","author":"Rostkowska-Nadolska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2012.03.014","article-title":"The quantification of vitamin D receptors in coronary arteries and their association with atherosclerosis","volume":"73","author":"Schnatz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zittermann A, Schleithoff SS, Koerfer. Vitamin D and vascular calcification. Current Opinion in Lipidology 2007;18:41-46.","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0b013e328011c6fc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.967604","article-title":"Circulating levels of 25hydroxy-vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.140392","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the risk of cardiovascular disease: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"105","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.105480","article-title":"Non-linear associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: results from the Health Improvement Network (THIN) database","volume":"195","author":"Crowe","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170791","article-title":"Vitamin D and mortality individual participant data meta-analysis of standardized 25-hydroxyvitamin D in 26916 individuals from a European consortium","volume":"12","author":"Gaksch","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLos ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W65","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00136","article-title":"The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration","volume":"151","author":"Liberati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0065","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. The PRISMA Group","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1500409","article-title":"A trial of calcium and vitamin D for the prevention of colorectal adenomas","volume":"373","author":"Baron","year":"2015","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2005.12.010","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory safety of one year\u2019s use of a combination calcium + vitamin D tablet in ambulatory elderly women with vitamin D insufficiency: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"27","author":"Brazier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clinical Therapeutics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.082602","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease and vitamin D supplementation: trial analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Ford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2302","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplementation on insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in subjects with type 2 diabetes and vitamin D deficiency: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Gulseth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/12.2.124","article-title":"Calcium, vitamin D and anabolic steroid in treatment of aged bones: double-blind placebo-controlled long-term clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"Inkovaara","year":"1983","journal-title":"Age and Ageing"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa055218","article-title":"Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures","volume":"354","author":"Jackson","year":"2006","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.1961","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D supplementation on tibial cartilage volume and knee pain among patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"315","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4013","article-title":"Vitamin D 20,000 IU per week for five years does not prevent progression from prediabetes to diabetes","volume":"101","author":"Jorde","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0115","first-page":"546","article-title":"Prevention of femoral and lumbar bone loss with hormone replacement therapy and vitamin d in early postmenopausal women: a population-based 5-year randomized trial","volume":"84","author":"Komulainen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206449","article-title":"Double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial of bolus-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in adults with asthma (ViDiAs)","volume":"70","author":"Martineau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2015-206996","article-title":"Double-blind randomised controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory infection in older adults and their carers (ViDiFlu)","volume":"70","author":"Martineau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015040468","article-title":"Ergocalciferol supplementation in hemodialysis patients with vitamin D deficiency: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"27","author":"Miskulin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2007.31","article-title":"Effects of ergocalciferol added to calcium on the risk of falls in elderly high-risk women","volume":"168","author":"Prince","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.594","article-title":"Annual high-dose oral vitamin D and falls and fractures in older women: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"303","author":"Sanders","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.0175","article-title":"Effect of monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular disease in the vitamin D assessment study: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"2","author":"Scragg","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Cadiol"},{"issue":"7387","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7387.469","article-title":"Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D (cholecalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomized double blind controlled trial","volume":"326","author":"Trivedi","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809944","article-title":"Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease","volume":"380","author":"Manson","year":"2019","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.907899","article-title":"The effects of vitamin D supplementation on physical function and quality of life in older patients with heart failure: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"3","author":"Witham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witham MD, Price JG Struthers AD, et al. Cholecalciferol treatment to reduce blood pressure in older patients with isolated systolic hypertension: The VitDISH randomized controlled trial. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173(18):1672-1679.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.9043"},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx235","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D on all-cause mortality in heart failure (EVITA): a 3 year randomized clinical trial with 4000 IU vitamin D daily","volume":"38","author":"Zittermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Heart Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-156-6-201203200-00005","article-title":"Dose response to vitamin D supplementation in postmenopausal women: a randomized trial","volume":"156","author":"Gallagher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.1870","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular disease risks in more than 83,000 individuals in 21 randomized clinical trials: a meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Barbarawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiology"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.04.020","article-title":"Supplemental vitamins and minerals for CVD prevention and treatment","volume":"71","author":"Jenkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2450","article-title":"on behalf of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Vitamin D Deficiency in Adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement","volume":"162","author":"LeFevre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2704","article-title":"The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know","volume":"96","author":"Ross","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s001980050162","article-title":"An international comparison of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurements","volume":"9","author":"Lips","year":"1999","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100698","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000}}],"container-title":["IJC Heart & Vasculature"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352906720300774?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352906720300774?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T05:07:53Z","timestamp":1762492073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352906720300774"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S2352906720300774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-9067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-9067","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Vitamin D supplementation, cardiac events and stroke: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"IJC Heart & Vasculature","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcha.2020.100537","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100537"}}