{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T11:07:25Z","timestamp":1784891245426,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":256,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,24]],"date-time":"2004-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Childhood is a time filled with wondrous changes, as brain plasticity permits experiences to shape the immature brain to meet the demands of the environment. Change occurs at various levels\u2014from neuroanatomy, including within a given region and its connectivity to other regions, to the function of neurotransmitter systems and their reactivity to pharmacological agents in the short\u2010 and long\u2010term. The nature and degree to which drug exposure influences the final adult topography is influenced greatly by the maturational phase of these critical factors. Moreover, evidence is slowly emerging that suggests that the long\u2010term effects of drug exposure are delayed and expressed once the vulnerable system reaches maturation (i.e., typically during adulthood). This phenomenon is known as neuronal imprinting and occurs when the effects of drug exposure outlast the drug itself. Thus, understanding the persistent effects critically depends on the window of observation. Embracing this concept should influence how we conduct preclinical assessments of developmental drug exposure, and ultimately how we conduct clinical assessments of drug efficacy, effectiveness, and safety for the treatment of childhood psychiatric disorders. In this article, we present a model to provide a heuristic framework for making predictions about imprinted effects of childhood drug exposure. We then review epidemiological data on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and childhood depression, prescription practices, and what is known regarding the long\u2010term consequences of drug exposure in these populations. We conclude with a discussion of the current status of preclinical studies on juvenile stimulant exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.06.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,27]],"date-time":"2004-08-27T02:13:35Z","timestamp":1093572815000},"page":"423-440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Altering the course of neurodevelopment: a framework for understanding the enduring effects of psychotropic drugs"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School 115 Mill Street Belmont MA 02478 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carryl P.","family":"Navalta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School 115 Mill Street Belmont MA 02478 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.12.1073","article-title":"A 14\u2010month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. The MTA Cooperative Group. Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD","volume":"56","author":"Anon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CHI.0000046839.90931.0D","article-title":"Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS): rationale, design, and methods","volume":"42","author":"Anon","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(03)00005-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.10055"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn777"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(94)90016-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.67051931.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.1091"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005038"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199704140-00034"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","unstructured":"Andersen S.L. M.H.Teicher 1998.Serotonin turnover declines dramatically and transiently during adolescence in nucleus accumbens. American College of Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199911260-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersen S. Teicher M.H. 2004.Delayed effects of early stress on hippocampal development. Neuropsychopharmacology in press.","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300528"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2396(200008)37:2<167::AID-SYN11>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.8.1322"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00047-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000012304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb1978.13.647"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(02)36037-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Mechanism of action of antidepressants","volume":"36","author":"Artigas F.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199709000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02468.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.4.1087"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199701000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.11.1652"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.2.e20"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800360068010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00177-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.8.1040"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830240073010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1994.tb17015.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-198712001-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00427453"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01643-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00570-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(97)00484-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.94.3.577"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00281-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.2003.02892.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.3109\/10826088109039198","article-title":"Use of stimulant\/depressant drugs by drug abuse clients in selected metropolitan areas","volume":"16","author":"Brown B.S.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int. J. Addict."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(02)00057-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52356.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(99)00003-9","article-title":"Behavioral sensitization to apomorphine in adult rats exposed to cocaine during the preweaning period: a preliminary study","volume":"63","author":"Busidan Y.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","first-page":"138","article-title":"Effect of prenatal fluoxetine (Prozac) exposure on brain serotonin neurons in prepubescent and adult male rat offspring","volume":"280","author":"Cabrera\u2010Vera T.M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(83)90165-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199703000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.12.1791"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.14.1740"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Characteristics of high\u2010frequency consumers of prescription psychoactive drugs","volume":"4","author":"Chambers C.D.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Chem. Depend."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(02)00471-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(00)26022-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19990820)88:4<358::AID-AJMG13>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-200202001-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00226-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01372-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.847477"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-6147(02)02017-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1989.tb01295.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000766"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.55.4.387"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1981.tb00419.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-816X.2003.03067.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2626(01)80046-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(96)00198-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(97)00025-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(01)00582-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0896-6273(93)90304-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-133X(95)00045-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(02)00340-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(02)00110-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6394(1998)7:1<32::AID-DA4>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830230069010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200106000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.8.1209"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","volume-title":"Depressive Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Treatment","author":"Essau C.A.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00240-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01340-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0084243"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(96)00276-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(97)00598-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(90)90173-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Comparison between intraperitoneal and oral methylphenidate administration: a microdialysis and locomotor activity study","volume":"295","author":"Gerasiminov M.R.","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/13158"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00072-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790330017002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.52.8.1081"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1395369"},{"issue":"39","key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Antidepressant maintenance medications: when to discontinue and how to stop","volume":"54","author":"Greden J.F.","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424jccp280307"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674378803300612"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26S","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200202001-00003","article-title":"Practice parameter for the use of stimulant medications in the treatment of children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"41","author":"Greenhill L.L.","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/416396a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.6.1333"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00005-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674378603100614"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1984.tb01507.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/104454603322724913"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1972.tb27829.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026988110001400208"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(01)00087-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/5.2.95"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(03)00074-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(96)00427-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90349-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00429172"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_108_1","volume-title":"Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress","author":"Insel T.R.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1988.tb03036.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119801200107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902690105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00203-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6394(2000)12:1+<69::AID-DA9>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders","volume":"12","author":"Kaufman J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01127-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890110105"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01129-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2001.42.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199105000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(94)90345-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-1648-8_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.1027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199606000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(99)00023-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01040-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7264","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-16-07264.2002","article-title":"Exposure of adolescent rats to oral methylphenidate: preferential effects on extracellular norepinephrine and absence of sensitization and cross\u2010sensitization to methamphetamine","volume":"22","author":"Kuczenski R.","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(96)00283-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)91288-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370104601009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_129_1","first-page":"302","article-title":"Genetics of complex behavioral traits: obesity, dopamine, and mood","volume":"1","author":"LaHoste G.J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.12.4567-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1159\/000112549","article-title":"Serotonin as a differentiation signal in early neurogenesis","volume":"1","author":"Lauder J.M.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_132_1","first-page":"345","article-title":"Cocaine sensitization in periadolescent and adult rats","volume":"275","author":"Laviola G.","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_133_1","volume-title":"Synaptic Self","author":"LeDoux J.","year":"2002"},{"issue":"610","key":"e_1_2_7_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000947","article-title":"Fluoxetine enhances cell proliferation and prevents apoptosis in dentate gyrus of maternally separated rats","volume":"6","author":"Lee H.J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.17917"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)01028-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(98)00010-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_138_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Cocaine abuse and corticogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Lidow M.S.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(01)00139-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_140_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.22.10218"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.1028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-003-0084-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_143_1","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder\u2010State of the Science\u2010Best practices","author":"Loney J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.1998.510067.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.12.1248"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_146_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2002.34636"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(99)00069-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/104454603321666207"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03431.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_150_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)01604-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_151_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00083.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_152_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30070-8","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of drugs of abuse on the developing fetal brain","volume":"32","author":"Malanga C.J.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_153_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-24-09104.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_154_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.4.757"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_155_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)90389-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_156_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"Clomipramine modifies fluctuations of forced swimming immobility in different phases of the rat estrous cycle","volume":"27","author":"Marvan M.L.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_157_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300184"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_158_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Suicide and other consequences of childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders","volume":"49","author":"Mattison R.E.","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_159_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)00297-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_160_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.7.3.208"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_161_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse: methodological considerations and effects on sexual differentiation","volume":"164","author":"McGivern R.F.","year":"1996","journal-title":"NIDA Res. Monogr."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_162_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(01)00545-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_163_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199701000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_164_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379804300603"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_165_1","first-page":"677","article-title":"Neurochemical and electrophysiological disturbances mediate developmental behavioral alterations produced by medicines","volume":"7","author":"Mirmiran M.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_166_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(83)90184-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_167_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(81)90657-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_168_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(99)00182-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_169_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(90)90393-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_170_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(90)90320-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_171_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(00)00581-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_172_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(83)90862-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_173_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199818010-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_174_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80162-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_175_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5335.58"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_176_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(00)00077-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_177_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.2.173"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_178_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)02909-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_179_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)91889-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_180_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.4.310"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_181_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200205000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_182_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.18.10734"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_183_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00128072-200305040-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_184_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(02)00308-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_185_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(87)90361-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_186_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30401-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_187_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(89)90016-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_188_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/104454602760386888"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_189_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(05)70063-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_190_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810090043008"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_191_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300092","article-title":"Serotonin transporter: a potential substrate in the biology of suicide","volume":"28","author":"Purselle D.C.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_192_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X97001581"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_193_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1980.01780210091010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_194_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.341313"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_195_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.7.649"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_196_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199512000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_197_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(82)90690-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_198_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.132.1.199"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_199_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.570724"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_200_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810250045005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_201_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(99)00055-X"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_202_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.155.5.560","article-title":"Pediatric stimulant and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor prescription trends: 1992 to 1998","volume":"155","author":"Rushton J.L.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_203_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.141"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_204_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820110007001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_205_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2000.10.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_206_1","volume-title":"Summary of Findings From the 1998 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse","author":"SAMHSA","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_207_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90840-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_208_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/mehy.2001.1391"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_209_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199706000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_210_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130051169"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_211_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(02)00284-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_212_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(97)00175-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_213_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-22-08819.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_214_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(00)00014-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_215_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.S3.501","article-title":"Growth deficits in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"102","author":"Spencer T.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_216_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.1059"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_217_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01393-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_218_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00942-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_219_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2003.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_220_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00284-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_221_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145700001772"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_222_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579499002266"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_223_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(199805)29:1<89::AID-SYN9>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_224_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0302-68"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_225_1","volume-title":"The American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Neuropsychiatry","author":"Teicher M.H.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_226_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/74737"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_227_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-3806(91)90082-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_228_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/104454603321666180"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_229_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.11.1057"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_230_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35004593"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_231_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(92)90311-M"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_232_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(93)90116-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_233_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(98)00037-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_234_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.24.14494"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_235_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(02)00453-6","article-title":"Connecting national survey data with DSM\u2010IV criteria","volume":"31","author":"Dulmen M.H.","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_236_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-21-09579.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_237_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-5846(02)00338-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_238_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379804300605"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_239_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(97)00302-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_240_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(88)90319-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_241_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80164-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_242_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80160-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_243_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(05)80163-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_244_1","first-page":"409","article-title":"Reinforcing effects of psychostimulants in humans are associated with increases in brain dopamine and occupancy of D2 receptors","volume":"291","author":"Volkow N.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_245_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.1.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_246_1","first-page":"382","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate in man, rat and monkey","volume":"226","author":"Wargin W.","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_247_1","first-page":"553","article-title":"Role of serotonin and other neurotransmitter receptors in brain development: basis for developmental pharmacology","volume":"43","author":"Whitaker\u2010Azmitia P.M.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_248_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(86)90327-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_249_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199906000-00014"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_250_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1089\/104454603322163862","article-title":"A systematic chart review of the nature of psychiatric adverse events in children and adolescents treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors","volume":"13","author":"Wilens T.E.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_251_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-3289(94)90039-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_252_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80079-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_253_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000026584"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_254_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01174-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_255_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.8.1025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_256_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.5.721"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_257_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.157.1.17"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0736574804000784?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0736574804000784?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1016%2Fj.ijdevneu.2004.06.002","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.06.002","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.06.002","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.06.002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T02:53:35Z","timestamp":1694055215000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.06.002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"references-count":256,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5-6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.06.002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.06.002","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-5748","1873-474X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-5748","type":"print"},{"value":"1873-474X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2004-04-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-06-07","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-08-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}