{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T22:54:50Z","timestamp":1791068090030,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,5]],"date-time":"2004-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1099612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007429","name":"Nancy Lurie Marks Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007429","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000097","name":"National Center for Research Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RR016858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RR016858"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000097","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The hypothesis is presented that a disruption in brain synchronization contributes to autism by destroying the coherence of brain rhythms and slowing overall cognitive processing speed. Particular focus is on the inferior olive, a precerebellar structure that is reliably disrupted in autism and which normally generates a coherent 5\u201313 Hz rhythmic output. New electrophysiological data reveal that the continuity of the rhythmical oscillation in membrane potential generated by inferior olive neurons requires the formation of neuronal assemblies by the connexin36 protein that mediates electrical synapses and promotes neuronal synchrony. An experiment with classical eyeblink conditioning is presented to demonstrate that the inferior olive is necessary to learn about sequences of stimuli presented at intervals in the range of 250\u2013500 ms, but not at 700 ms, revealing that a disruption of the inferior olive slows stimulus processing speed on the time scale that is lost in autistic children. A model is presented in which the voltage oscillation generated by populations of electrically synchronized inferior olivary neurons permits the utilization of sequences of stimuli given at, or faster than, 2 per second. It is expected that the disturbance in inferior olive structure in autism disrupts the ability of inferior olive neurons to become electrically synchronized and to generate coherent rhythmic output, thereby impairing the ability to use rapid sequences of cues for the development of normal language skill. Future directions to test the hypothesis are presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.09.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,9]],"date-time":"2004-11-09T16:54:21Z","timestamp":1100019261000},"page":"253-263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Is autism due to brain desynchronization?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"John P.","family":"Welsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurological Sciences Institute Oregon Health and Science University Beaverton OR 97006 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward S.","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore MD 21201 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitris G.","family":"Placantonakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery Weill Cornell Medical Center New York NY 10021 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.5.889"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.6.866"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(86)90089-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-003-0757-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1984.sp015282"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-03-01013.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0031879"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198805263182102"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.108.5.848"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2001.85.5.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00373-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.87.6.3048"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4700","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-11-04700.2003","article-title":"Deformation of network connectivity in the inferior olive of connexin 36\u2010deficient mice is compensated by morphological and electrophysiological changes at the single neuron level","volume":"23","author":"DeZeeuw C.I.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902840103","article-title":"Ultrastructural study of the GABAergic, cerebellar, and mesodiencephalic innervation of the cat medial accessory olive: anterograde tracing combined with immunocytochemistry","volume":"284","author":"DeZeeuw C.I.","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1966.sp007824"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019861721160"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70021-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068793"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_20_1","first-page":"197","article-title":"Twenty years of classical conditioning research with the rabbit","volume":"10","author":"Gormezano I.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Prog. Psychobiol. Physiol. Psychol."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2309010"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1894.sp000535","article-title":"The time\u2010relations of the voluntary tetanus in man","volume":"17","author":"Harris D.F.","year":"1894","journal-title":"J. Physiol. (Lond.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.05-03-00596.1985","article-title":"Relationship between heterosynaptic reflex facilitation and acquisition of the nictitating membrane response in control and scopolamine\u2010injected rabbits","volume":"5","author":"Harvey J.A.","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1907782"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00387-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1998.86.2.403"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00234779"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.24.11748"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_29_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"Autistic disturbances of affective contact","volume":"2","author":"Kanner L.","year":"1943","journal-title":"Nerv. Child."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)30176-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/61.5.427"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.1.255"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_33_1","first-page":"223","volume-title":"Motor control: concepts and issues","author":"Llin\u00e1s R.R.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1974.37.3.560"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1988.sp017288"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1989.tb00365.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(93)90168-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1981.sp013763"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1986.sp016147"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-24-10898.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.5.2736"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/374412a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-1047(05)80004-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520420111032"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1284.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35092613"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2003.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(01)00306-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400322101"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_50_1","unstructured":"Placantonakis D.G. Bukovsky A.A. Welsh J.P. 2004b.Lentiviral expression of a dominant negative connexin 36 mutant in the rat inferior olive disrupts membrane potential oscillations. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 638.8."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.7.862"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0200-56"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_53_1","series-title":"The Psychophysics of Speech Perception","first-page":"199","volume-title":"Is there a natural sensitivity at 20 ms in relative tone\u2010onset\u2010time continua?","author":"Rosen S.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03209734","article-title":"Rabbit nictitating membrane conditioning: lower limit of the effective interstimulus interval","volume":"8","author":"Salafia W.R.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Anim. Learn. Behav."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1989.tb00364.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043419"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1974.37.3.541"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-13-05632.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-23-09478.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63356-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1998.00334.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb07567.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1998.00400.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/374453a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_65_1","first-page":"331","article-title":"Why do Purkinje cells die so easily after global brain ischemia? Aldolase C, EAAT4, and the cerebellar contribution to posthypoxic myoclonus","volume":"89","author":"Welsh J.P.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Neurol."},{"key":"e_1_2_4_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1980.00500610029003"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2788.2002.00423.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00235649"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.12.9873-9880.1998"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0736574804001236?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0736574804001236?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1016%2Fj.ijdevneu.2004.09.002","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.09.002","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.09.002","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.09.002","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T17:31:42Z","timestamp":1694021502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.09.002"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,5]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.09.002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.09.002","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-5748","1873-474X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-5748","type":"print"},{"value":"1873-474X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2004-06-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-09-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2004-11-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}