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The XII nerve controls tongue movement and is comprised of two functionally distinct branches: the medial branch related to protrusion of the tongue and the lateral branch related to its retraction. Newborn rat pups with bilateral resection of either of the XII nerve components (main trunk: XII\u2010trunk; medial branch: XII\u2010med; lateral branch: XII\u2010lat) failed to suckle milk and did not survive. Unilateral XII nerve\u2010resected neonates showed different milk\u2010suckling capabilities, which thus resulted in differences in survival rate (XII\u2010trunk: 38%; XII\u2010med: 24%; XII\u2010lat: 92%) and postnatal growth during the postnatal 3 weeks until P21. Unilateral and bilateral resections of the VII nerve innervating the buccolabial musculature produced lowered suckling capabilities and retarded postnatal growth, although all pups showed 100% survival. The results indicate a crucial role of the tongue, especially of protruding muscular elements innervated by the XII\u2010med nerve, in breastfeeding. The results also indicate differential effects of the VII and XII nerve components on suckling capability, survival, and postnatal growth of newborn rat pups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2005.11.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,28]],"date-time":"2005-12-28T15:00:24Z","timestamp":1135782024000},"page":"29-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Effects of hypoglossal and facial nerve injuries on milk\u2010suckling"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Fujita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Shinshu University School of Medicine 3\u20101\u20101 Asahi Matsumoto Nagano 390\u20108621 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Yokouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Shinshu University School of Medicine 3\u20101\u20101 Asahi Matsumoto Nagano 390\u20108621 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Fukuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Shinshu University School of Medicine 3\u20101\u20101 Asahi Matsumoto Nagano 390\u20108621 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Fukushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Shinshu University School of Medicine 3\u20101\u20101 Asahi Matsumoto Nagano 390\u20108621 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Kawagishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Shinshu University School of Medicine 3\u20101\u20101 Asahi Matsumoto Nagano 390\u20108621 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Moriizumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy Shinshu University School of Medicine 3\u20101\u20101 Asahi Matsumoto Nagano 390\u20108621 Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-31-363-156","article-title":"A cineradiographic study of breast feeding","volume":"31","author":"Arden G.M.","year":"1958","journal-title":"Br. 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