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In the nervous system, sparteine has been shown to display anti\u2010cholinergic and depressive activity, although how sparteine exerts its toxic effects in the brain remains unclear. We have addressed this issue by administering subcutaneous injections of sparteine (25 mg\/kg of body weight) to rats on postnatal days 1 and 3, and then examining the expression of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subunits m1\u2013m4 in the brains of the neonatal rats 14\u201360 days later. Administration of sparteine to neonatal rats caused neuronal damage in the cerebral motor cortex accompanied by transient changes in the expression of m1\u2013m4 mAChR subunits as revealed by both RT\u2010PCR and Western blotting. This effect could be prevented by pre\u2010treatment with atropine (10 mg\/kg) 1 h prior to the injection of sparteine, suggesting that the cytotoxic activity of sparteine is mediated through mAChRs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2006.05.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,18]],"date-time":"2006-07-18T01:28:35Z","timestamp":1153186115000},"page":"401-410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Neuronal damage and changes in the expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in the neonatal rat cerebral cortical upon exposure to sparteine, a quinolizidine alkaloid"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"M.E.","family":"Flores\u2010Soto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology Neurociences Division Western Biomedical Research Center Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Guadalajara Jalisco Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Ba\u00f1uelos\u2010Pineda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinarian Medicine C.U.C.B.A, Universidad de Guadalajara Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Orozco\u2010Su\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Unit of Neurological Diseases Hosp. 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