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As corticotrophin\u2010releasing factor (CRF) and vasopressin (AVP) have been implicated in depression, we aimed to determine the long\u2010term effects of maternal separation stress on these neuropeptide systems, and also to explore whether these effects are gender\u2010dependent. Immunohistochemical staining of CRF, AVP and c\u2010Fos was used to assess whether these neuropeptide systems were affected following an acute swim stress in male and female maternally separated rats.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was an increase in CRF\u2010immunoreactivity (IR) (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05), and an increased co\u2010localisation of c\u2010Fos and CRF (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05) following stress, in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) of maternally separated female rats only. We found no differences in CRF in the hypothalamus of maternally separated and control male rats. However, male maternally separated rats exhibited decreases in AVP\u2010IR in both the non\u2010stressed and stressed groups relative to controls (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). These data provide further evidence of the involvement of the neuropeptides CRF and AVP in the long\u2010term maladaptive effects of maternal separation stress in early life. The enhanced CRF response to stress in MS females relative to males suggests that maternal separation stress results in a more reactive neuroendocrinological stress system in females, than in males. Furthermore, the sexually dimorphic effects of maternal separation on these neuropeptides indicate that gender is an important factor influencing the trajectory of early life stress effects on CRF and AVP systems in the brain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2008.02.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,11]],"date-time":"2008-03-11T11:03:02Z","timestamp":1205233382000},"page":"259-268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Sexually dimorphic effects of maternal separation stress on corticotrophin\u2010releasing factor and vasopressin systems in the adult rat brain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Lieve","family":"Desbonnet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Alimentary Pharmacobiotic Centre University College Cork Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lillian","family":"Garrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Alimentary Pharmacobiotic Centre University College Cork Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology University College Cork Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kieran W.","family":"McDermott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy University College Cork Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy G.","family":"Dinan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Alimentary Pharmacobiotic Centre University College Cork Cork Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(00)00196-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1600001","article-title":"The role of corticotropin\u2010releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders","volume":"160","author":"Arborelius L.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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