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Previous animal studies have shown that PAX6 may regulate progenitor cell proliferation, timing of differentiation and neural retina cell fate determination. OTX2 may play a role in development of the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor differentiation, whereas OTX1 may be important in ciliary body development.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In this study, we demonstrate the presence of the mRNAs and proteins for these genes within human fetal retinas of different stages. By <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we show that PAX6 was primarily localized to nuclei of the neural retina, OTX2 was localized to the nuclei of retinal pigment epithelium and OTX1 expression was confined to anterior retina. Expression peaks for PAX6 occur at days 51\u201360 and for OTX2 occur around fetal days 48\u201354.<\/jats:p><jats:p>We conclude that the human expression patterns correspond spatially with the patterns observed in the rat retina. Further, the expressions occur during similar fetal stages as described in the developing rat retina.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2009.04.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,5]],"date-time":"2009-05-05T09:18:34Z","timestamp":1241515114000},"page":"485-492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Expression of the homeobox genes <i>PAX6<\/i>, <i>OTX2<\/i>, and <i>OTX1<\/i> in the early human fetal retina"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Karen B.","family":"Larsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Lutterodt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology and Reproduction Rigshospitalet Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Frederiksberg Hospital Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin F.","family":"Rath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morten","family":"M\u00f8ller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.121.10.3279","article-title":"Forebrain and midbrain regions are deleted in Otx2\u2212\/\u2212 mutants due to a defective anterior neuroectoderm specification during gastrulation","volume":"121","author":"Acampora D.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1096-218"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.2473"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_5_1","volume-title":"Witschi Growth","author":"Altman","year":"1962"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.120.10.2979","article-title":"Positive and negative signals from mesoderm regulate expression of mouse Otx2 mutation in ectoderm explants","volume":"120","author":"Ang S.L.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-0674(00)00274-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-11-04243.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9926(199903)59:3<139::AID-TERA5>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(01)02594-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.19.4213"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.04537.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7777856"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-10-05725.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90292-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0894-463"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.121.5.1433"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-437X(95)80029-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/354522a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2443.2006.00992.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2008-0303"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_22_1","first-page":"399","article-title":"Confirmation of linkage and refinement of the RP28 locus for autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa on chromosome 2p14\u2010p15 in an Indian family","volume":"10","author":"Kumar A.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. 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