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Cerebral palsy (CP), which often occurs as a result of perinatal hypoxia\u2013ischemia (H\u2013I), is categorized depending on clinical presentation, brain region involvement and extent of involvement. In order to test different brain region involvement, this study investigates individual and multi\u2010joint involvement in a rabbit model of CP. Pregnant rabbits at 70% gestation were subjected to 40\u2010min uterine ischemia. Newborn rabbit kits were subjected to a swim test at 5 time points over the first 11 days of life. H\u2013I kits were divided into hypertonic and non\u2010hypertonic groups based on muscle tone at birth. The ranges and velocity of angular movement of the forelimb and hind limb joints (wrist, elbow, shoulder, ankle, knee and hip) during supported swimming were determined. Severely impaired (hypertonic) animals have significantly reduced range and angular velocity of joint motion, which do not improve over time. The non\u2010hypertonic group showed deficits in wrist and hind limb movements that were not evident on prolonged observation. Preventive treatment with an inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase decreased the incidence of severely impaired kits; the non\u2010hypertonic kits showed a different pattern of swimming. Supported swimming allows quantification of limb and joint motion in the principal plane of movement in the absence of weight bearing and decreases the need for balance control. Identification and quantification of milder deficits allows mechanistic studies in the causation of H\u2013I injury as well as estimation of recovery with therapeutic agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2009.06.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]],"date-time":"2009-07-01T08:26:57Z","timestamp":1246436817000},"page":"549-557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Hypoxia\u2013ischemia causes persistent movement deficits in a perinatal rabbit model of cerebral palsy: assessed by a new swim test"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Derrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Northwestern University and Evanston Northwestern Healthcare 2650 Ridge Avenue Evanston IL 60201 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Drobyshevsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Northwestern University and Evanston Northwestern Healthcare 2650 Ridge Avenue Evanston IL 60201 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinhai","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Northwestern University and Evanston Northwestern Healthcare 2650 Ridge Avenue Evanston IL 60201 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Northwestern University and Evanston Northwestern Healthcare 2650 Ridge Avenue Evanston IL 60201 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yirong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Northwestern University and Evanston Northwestern Healthcare 2650 Ridge Avenue Evanston IL 60201 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208\u20103113 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208\u20103113 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidhartha","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Northwestern University and Evanston Northwestern Healthcare 2650 Ridge Avenue Evanston IL 60201 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-003-0371-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7172.1549"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(00)01997-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(03)00064-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2008.06230.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000251445.94697.64"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RC138","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-07-j0004.2001","article-title":"The in vitro fate of rabbit fetal brain cells after acute in vivo hypoxia","volume":"21","author":"Derrick M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2816-03.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.205.9.1315"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2008.03086.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280600948136"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000075665"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1998.tb15443.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21555"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1114\/1.1424918"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NPT.0000282572.63297.3d"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/266730a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1985.tb04571.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2008.06.090","article-title":"Intrauterine administration of endotoxin leads to motor deficits in a rabbit model: a link between prenatal infection and cerebral palsy","volume":"199","author":"Saadani\u2010Makki F.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. 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