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In this study we investigated if ultrasound of the chick brain can lead to learning and memory impairment after hatch. We exposed the brains of chicks on day 19 of a 21 day incubation period to 5 or 10 min of B\u2010mode, or to 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 min of pulsed Doppler ultrasound <jats:italic>in ovo<\/jats:italic>. Learning and memory function were assessed at day 2 post\u2010hatch. Our results show that B\u2010mode exposure at E19 does not affect memory function. On the other hand, 2 h after training, significant memory impairment occurred following 4 and 5 min of pulsed Doppler exposure at E19. In separate groups of chicks, short\u2010, intermediate\u2010 and long\u2010term memory was equally impaired suggesting an inability to learn. Further, the chicks were still unable to learn with a second training session 5 min after completion of the initial testing. These results demonstrate that extended exposure to pulsed Doppler ultrasound can adversely affect cognitive function in the chick when exposure occurs close to the time of hatch.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2009.07.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,6]],"date-time":"2009-08-06T09:47:12Z","timestamp":1249552032000},"page":"677-683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Ultrasound exposure of the foetal chick brain: effects on learning and memory"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Michal E.","family":"Schneider\u2010Kolsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging &amp; Radiation Sciences School of Biomedical Science Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Monash University Clayton 3800 Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zohel","family":"Ayobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy &amp; Developmental Biology School of Biomedical Science Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Monash University Clayton 3800 Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging &amp; Radiation Sciences School of Biomedical Science Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Monash University Clayton 3800 Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damian","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging &amp; Radiation Sciences School of Biomedical Science Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Monash University Clayton 3800 Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Kedang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging &amp; Radiation Sciences School of Biomedical Science Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Monash University Clayton 3800 Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie E.","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy &amp; Developmental Biology School of Biomedical Science Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Monash University Clayton 3800 Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","volume-title":"Standard for Real\u2010time Display of Thermal, and Mechanical Acoustic Output Indices on Diagnostic Ultrasound Equipment","author":"AIUM\/NEMA","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605294103"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2004.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-5629(01)00367-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn227"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.199.1.8633155"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"Sonography, CT and MR imaging: a prospective comparison of neonates with suspected intracranial ischemia and hemorrhage","volume":"21","author":"Blankenberg F.G.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. 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