{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T16:59:43Z","timestamp":1790528383531,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,16]],"date-time":"2010-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1287187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Structural brain abnormalities have become an established feature of schizophrenia and increasing evidence points towards the progressive nature of these abnormalities. The brain abnormalities are most profound in early onset cases, which have a severe, treatment refractory phenotype and more salient genetic features. Unique insights could thus be gained in schizophrenia pathology from studying the earliest manifestations of the illness. This paper reviews and updates the findings on anatomic brain development in patients with very early onset schizophrenia while showing preliminary data from ongoing studies. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that childhood\u2010onset schizophrenia (COS) subjects show progressive loss of gray matter, delayed\/disrupted white matter (WM) growth, and a progressive decline in cerebellar volume, some of which are shared by their healthy siblings. The developmental patterns or the \u2018trajectories\u2019 of brain development are often more striking than anatomic brain differences at any one point in time; highlighting the importance of longitudinal studies. The sibling findings of partially shared gray matter (GM) deficits which appear to normalize with age, along with other genetic analyses, provide evidence that the brain developmental \u2018patterns\/trajectories\u2019 for several regions at particular ages could be useful endophenotypes (trait markers).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2010.10.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,17]],"date-time":"2010-10-17T08:27:12Z","timestamp":1287304032000},"page":"251-258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Childhood onset schizophrenia: support for a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Judith L.","family":"Rapoport","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Psychiatry Branch, NIMH United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Gogtay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child Psychiatry Branch, NIMH United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","article-title":"GAD1 (2q31.1), which encodes glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD(67)), is associated with childhood\u2010onset schizophrenia and cortical gray matter volume loss","author":"Addington A.M.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001906","article-title":"Neuregulin 1 (8p12) and childhood\u2010onset schizophrenia: susceptibility haplotypes for diagnosis and brain developmental trajectories","volume":"12","author":"Addington A.M.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","unstructured":"Alexander\u2010BlochA. GogtayN. et al. in press.Disrupted modularity and local connectivity of brain functional networks in childhood\u2010onset schizophrenia. Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.08.038","article-title":"Cingulate activity and fronto\u2010temporal connectivity in people with prodromal signs of psychosis","volume":"49","author":"Allen P.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520220057031","article-title":"Regional brain abnormalities in schizophrenia measured with magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"272","author":"Andreasen N.C.","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.10.1448","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging measurement of posterior fossa structures in schizophrenia","volume":"151","author":"Aylward E.H.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229309017065","article-title":"The relationship between structural brain imaging and histopathologic findings in schizophrenia research","volume":"1","author":"Benes F.M.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950060041004","article-title":"Myelination of a key relay zone in the hippocampal formation occurs in the human brain during childhood, adolescence, and adulthood","volume":"51","author":"Benes F.M.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.09.017.2009"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.052023499","article-title":"Cortex mapping reveals regionally specific patterns of genetic and disease\u2010specific gray\u2010matter deficits in twins discordant for schizophrenia","volume":"99","author":"Cannon T.D.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007037","article-title":"Early and late neurodevelopmental influences in the prodrome to schizophrenia: contributions of genes, environment, and their interactions","volume":"29","author":"Cannon T.D.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.3.289","article-title":"Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in girls with attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"58","author":"Castellanos F.X.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707001808","article-title":"A diffusion tensor imaging study of structural dysconnectivity in never\u2010medicated, first\u2010episode schizophrenia","volume":"38","author":"Cheung V.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.1986.0056","article-title":"Age at onset and causes of disease","volume":"29","author":"Childs B.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Perspect. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","first-page":"450","article-title":"Expression profiles of schizophrenia susceptibility genes during human prefrontal cortical development","volume":"34","author":"Choi K.H.","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4129","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20834","article-title":"Superior temporal lobe dysfunction and frontotemporal dysconnectivity in subjects at risk of psychosis and in first\u2010episode psychosis","volume":"30","author":"Crossley N.A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(97)00012-7","article-title":"Schizophrenia as a chronic active brain process: a study of progressive brain structural change subsequent to the onset of schizophrenia [see comments]","volume":"74","author":"DeLisi L.E.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.5.704","article-title":"Effects of diagnosis, laterality, and gender on brain morphology in schizophrenia","volume":"152","author":"Flaum M.V.W.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.3.450","article-title":"Aberrant default mode functional connectivity in schizophrenia","volume":"164","author":"Garrity A.G.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1038\/13158","article-title":"Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study","volume":"2","author":"Giedd J.N.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1301.030"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm103","article-title":"Cortical brain development in schizophrenia: insights from neuroimaging studies in childhood\u2010onset schizophrenia","volume":"34","author":"Gogtay N.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"21","key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8174","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402680101","article-title":"Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood","volume":"101","author":"Gogtay N.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.7.772","article-title":"Cortical brain development in nonpsychotic siblings of patients with childhood\u2010onset schizophrenia","volume":"64","author":"Gogtay N.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"41","key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15979","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806485105","article-title":"Three\u2010dimensional brain growth abnormalities in childhood\u2010onset schizophrenia visualized by using tensor\u2010based morphometry","volume":"105","author":"Gogtay N.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01747.x","article-title":"Dynamic mapping of cortical development before and after the onset of pediatric bipolar illness","volume":"48","author":"Gogtay N.","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","first-page":"493","volume-title":"Childhood Onset Schizophrenia and Other Early\u2010Onset Psychotic Disorders. Lewis's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook","author":"Gogtay N.","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.1.17","article-title":"Comparison of progressive cortical gray matter loss in childhood\u2010onset schizophrenia with that in childhood\u2010onset atypical psychoses","volume":"61","author":"Gogtay N.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01658.x","article-title":"Childhood onset schizophrenia: cortical brain abnormalities as young adults","volume":"47","author":"Greenstein D.","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1755-8794-2-28"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.12.027","article-title":"Task\u2010induced deactivation of midline cortical regions in schizophrenia assessed with fMRI","volume":"91","author":"Harrison B.J.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)01081-7","article-title":"Reduced volume of the cerebellar vermis in neuroleptic\u2010naive schizophrenia","volume":"49","author":"Ichimiya T.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.007","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental mechanisms of schizophrenia: understanding disturbed postnatal brain maturation through neuregulin\u20101\u2010ErbB4 and DISC1","volume":"32","author":"Jaaro\u2010Peled H.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.03.027","article-title":"Functional and evolutionary insights into human brain development through global transcriptome analysis","volume":"62","author":"Johnson M.B.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2009.07.028","article-title":"Microstructural organization of cerebellar tracts in schizophrenia","volume":"66","author":"Kanaan R.A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.1.128","article-title":"Progressive loss of cerebellar volume in childhood\u2010onset schizophrenia","volume":"160","author":"Keller A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(97)00038-1","article-title":"Superior temporal gyrus and the course of early schizophrenia: progressive, static, or reversible?","volume":"32","author":"Keshavan M.S.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbm034","article-title":"Disturbed structural connectivity in schizophrenia\u2014primary factor in pathology or epiphenomenon?","author":"Konrad A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30141-X","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of children and adolescents with schizophrenia. My mind is playing tricks on me","volume":"9","author":"Kumra S.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199801000-00022","article-title":"Multidimensionally impaired disorder: is it a variant of very early\u2010onset schizophrenia?","volume":"37","author":"Kumra S.","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.9.878","article-title":"Regionally localized thinning of the cerebral cortex in schizophrenia","volume":"60","author":"Kuperberg G.R.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01316-1","article-title":"Reduced frontotemporal functional connectivity in schizophrenia associated with auditory hallucinations","volume":"51","author":"Lawrie S.M.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579408000552","article-title":"The changing impact of genes and environment on brain development during childhood and adolescence: initial findings from a neuroimaging study of pediatric twins","volume":"20","author":"Lenroot R.K.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.045","article-title":"Cortical thickness analysis examined through power analysis and a population simulation","volume":"24","author":"Lerch J.P.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.7.1105","article-title":"Quantitative volumetric MRI study of the cerebellum and vermis in schizophrenia: clinical and cognitive correlates","volume":"156","author":"Levitt J.J.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00147-X","article-title":"Is schizophrenia a neurodegenerative disorder? A clinical and neurobiological perspective","volume":"46","author":"Lieberman J.A.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.4.361","article-title":"Antipsychotic drug effects on brain morphology in first\u2010episode psychosis","volume":"62","author":"Lieberman J.A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.4.367","article-title":"Compromised white matter tract integrity in schizophrenia inferred from diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"56","author":"Lim K.O.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.6.952","article-title":"Morphometry of individual cerebellar lobules in schizophrenia","volume":"158","author":"Loeber R.T.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(86)90259-3","article-title":"Cerebellar pathology in schizophrenia? A neuronometric study","volume":"21","author":"Lohr J.B.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.09010133","article-title":"Schizophrenia in the offspring of antenatally depressed mothers in the northern Finland 1966 birth cohort: relationship to family history of psychosis","volume":"167","author":"Maki P.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.142.8.970","article-title":"Midsagittal sections of the cerebellar vermis and fourth ventricle obtained with magnetic resonance imaging of schizophrenic patients","volume":"142","author":"Mathew R.J.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.10.018","article-title":"Effects of clozapine and olanzapine on cortical thickness in childhood\u2010onset schizophrenia","volume":"116","author":"Mattai A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr Res.."},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.474","article-title":"Microduplications of 16p11.2 are associated with schizophrenia","volume":"41","author":"McCarthy S.E.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199406000-00003","article-title":"Looking for childhood\u2010onset schizophrenia: the first 71 cases screened","volume":"33","author":"McKenna K.","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh172","article-title":"Mapping cortical thickness and gray matter concentration in first episode schizophrenia","volume":"15","author":"Narr K.L.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00231-0","article-title":"Childhood\u2010onset schizophrenia: rare but worth studying","volume":"46","author":"Nicolson R.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00093-1","article-title":"An MRI study of cerebellar vermis morphology in patients with schizophrenia: evidence in support of the cognitive dysmetria concept","volume":"46","author":"Nopoulos P.C.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9354","key":"e_1_2_5_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12323-9","article-title":"Neuroanatomical abnormalities before and after onset of psychosis: a cross\u2010sectional and longitudinal MRI comparison","volume":"361","author":"Pantelis C.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/09540260701512079","article-title":"Neuroimaging and emerging psychotic disorders: the Melbourne ultra\u2010high risk studies","volume":"19","author":"Pantelis C.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbi034","article-title":"Structural brain imaging evidence for multiple pathological processes at different stages of brain development in schizophrenia","volume":"31","author":"Pantelis C.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1207","article-title":"Manual and semiautomated measurement of cerebellar subregions on MR images","volume":"17","author":"Pierson R.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.14","article-title":"Etiological and clinical features of childhood psychotic symptoms: results from a birth cohort","volume":"67","author":"Polanczyk G.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_5_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001642","article-title":"The neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2005","volume":"10","author":"Rapoport J.L.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_5_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830220013002","article-title":"Childhood\u2010onset schizophrenia. Progressive ventricular change during adolescence","volume":"54","author":"Rapoport J.L.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_5_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.7.649","article-title":"Progressive cortical change during adolescence in childhood\u2010onset schizophrenia. A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"56","author":"Rapoport J.L.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301553","article-title":"Brain neuroplasticity in healthy, hyperactive and psychotic children: insights from neuroimaging","volume":"33","author":"Rapoport J.L.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_5_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-000-0024-4","article-title":"Update on childhood\u2010onset schizophrenia","volume":"2","author":"Rapoport J.L.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"issue":"8248","key":"e_1_2_5_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(81)91039-4","article-title":"Cerebellar vermis in schizophrenia","volume":"2","author":"Reyes M.G.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_5_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90324-7","article-title":"Cerebellar vermal size in schizophrenia: a male effect","volume":"33","author":"Rossi A.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_5_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1997.tb00758.x","article-title":"Critical period\u2010dependent reduction of the permissiveness of cat visual cortex tissue for neuronal adhesion and neurite growth","volume":"9","author":"Schoop V.M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(01)00163-3","article-title":"A review of MRI findings in schizophrenia","volume":"49","author":"Shenton M.E.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"7289","key":"e_1_2_5_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08855","article-title":"Impaired hippocampal\u2010prefrontal synchrony in a genetic mouse model of schizophrenia","volume":"464","author":"Sigurdsson T.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_5_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1038\/13154","article-title":"In vivo evidence for post\u2010adolescent brain maturation in frontal and striatal regions","volume":"2","author":"Sowell E.R.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_2_5_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8819","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-22-08819.2001","article-title":"Mapping continued brain growth and gray matter density reduction in dorsal frontal cortex: Inverse relationships during postadolescent brain maturation","volume":"21","author":"Sowell E.R.","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_5_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.10.005","article-title":"Synaptic plasticity and dysconnection in schizophrenia","volume":"59","author":"Stephan K.E.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(99)00103-6","article-title":"Cerebellar vermis area in schizophrenic patients \u2010 a post\u2010mortem study","volume":"42","author":"Supprian T.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_79_1","article-title":"Detecting disease\u2010specific patterns of brain structure using cortical pattern matching and a population\u2010based probabilistic brain atlas","author":"Thompson P.","year":"2001","journal-title":"IPMI"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_80_1","article-title":"Time\u2010lapse mapping of cortical changes in schizophrenia with different treatments","author":"Thompson P.M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.201243998"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90167-4","article-title":"Midsagittal cortical pathomorphology of schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"30","author":"Uematsu M.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_5_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199912000-00015","article-title":"Velocardiofacial syndrome in childhood\u2010onset schizophrenia","volume":"38","author":"Usiskin S.I.","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_5_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.12.2312","article-title":"Confirmation of synergy between urbanicity and familial liability in the causation of psychosis","volume":"161","author":"Os J.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(99)00236-4","article-title":"Supporting evidence for the model of cognitive dysmetria in schizophrenia\u2014a structural magnetic resonance imaging study using deformation\u2010based morphometry","volume":"46","author":"Volz H.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"issue":"5875","key":"e_1_2_5_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155174","article-title":"Rare structural variants disrupt multiple genes in neurodevelopmental pathways in schizophrenia","volume":"320","author":"Walsh T.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2010.09.006"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.137.3.359","article-title":"Cerebellar pathology in schizophrenia: a controlled postmortem study","volume":"137","author":"Weinberger D.R.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_5_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.6.553","article-title":"Neurotoxicity, neuroplasticity, and magnetic resonance imaging morphometry: what is happening in the schizophrenic brain?","volume":"59","author":"Weinberger D.R.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00065-9"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_5_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809141106","article-title":"Hyperactivity and hyperconnectivity of the default network in schizophrenia and in first\u2010degree relatives of persons with schizophrenia","volume":"106","author":"Whitfield\u2010Gabrieli S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_5_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2003.07.009","article-title":"Prefrontal cortical thickness in first\u2010episode psychosis: a magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"55","author":"Wiegand L.C.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_5_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06669.x","article-title":"Changes in alternative brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor transcript expression in the developing human prefrontal cortex","volume":"29","author":"Wong J.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_5_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.12.1661","article-title":"Is schizophrenia a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder? Toward a unitary pathogenetic mechanism","volume":"155","author":"Woods B.T.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.182.6.518"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.05.029","article-title":"Functional disintegration in paranoid schizophrenia using resting\u2010state fMRI","volume":"97","author":"Zhou Y.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0736574810003941?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0736574810003941?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1016%2Fj.ijdevneu.2010.10.003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2010.10.003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2010.10.003","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2010.10.003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T07:51:41Z","timestamp":1715673101000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2010.10.003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,16]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2010.10.003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2010.10.003","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-5748","1873-474X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-5748","type":"print"},{"value":"1873-474X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-05-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-10-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2010-10-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}