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These children experience elevated incidence of cognitive and\/or sensory processing disabilities, including language based learning disabilities. Clinical data also indicate more substantial long\u2010term deficits for HI injured male babies as compared to HI injured females. Previously, we reported significant deficits in rapid auditory processing and spatial learning in male rats with postnatal day 1 (P1), P7, or P10 HI injury. We also showed sex differences in HI injured animals, with more severe deficits in males as compared to females. Given these findings, combined with extant clinical data, the current study sought to assess a putative role for perinatal testosterone in modulating behavioral outcome following early hypoxic\u2010ischemic injury in rats. Male, female, and testosterone\u2010propionate (TP) treated females were subjected to P7 HI or sham surgery, and subsequently (P30+) underwent a battery of auditory testing and water maze assessment. Results confirm previous reports of sex differences following HI, and add new findings of significantly worse performance in TP\u2010treated HI females compared to vehicle treated HI females. <jats:italic>Post mortem<\/jats:italic> anatomic analyses showed consistent effects, with significant brain weight decreases seen in HI male and TP\u2010treated HI females but not female HI or sham groups. Further neuromorphometric analysis of brain structures showed that HI male animals exhibited increased pathology relative to HI females as reflected in ventricular enlargement. Findings suggest that neonatal testosterone may act to enhance the deleterious consequences of early HI brain injury, as measured by both neuropathology and behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2011.07.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,25]],"date-time":"2011-07-25T19:58:13Z","timestamp":1311623893000},"page":"621-628","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Reprint of \u201cEarly testosterone modulated sex differences in behavioral outcome following neonatal hypoxia ischemia in rats\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"C.A.","family":"Hill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut Department of Psychology Behavioral Neuroscience 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020 Storrs CT 06269 United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.W.","family":"Threlkeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhode Island College Department of Psychology 600 Mount Pleasant Ave Providence RI 02908 United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.H.","family":"Fitch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut Department of Psychology Behavioral Neuroscience 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020 Storrs CT 06269 United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326942dn2201_2","article-title":"Impaired processing of brief, rapidly presented auditory cues in infants with a family history of autoimmune disorder","volume":"22","author":"Benasich A.A.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev. 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