{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:10:50Z","timestamp":1792120250645,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,31]],"date-time":"2011-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH RO1NS 39679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH RO1NS 39679"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p>Age\u2010based differences in fall type and neuroanatomy in infants and toddlers may affect clinical presentations and injury patterns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our goal is to understand the influence of fall type and age on injuries to help guide clinical evaluation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design\/Setting\/Participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospectively, 285 children 0\u201348 months with accidental head injury from a fall and brain imaging between 2000 and 2006 were categorized by age (infan \u2264 1 year and toddler = 1\u20134 years) and fall type: low (\u22643 ft), intermediate (&gt;3 and &lt;10 ft), high height falls (\u226510 ft) and stair falls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcome Measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical manifestations were noted and head injuries separated into primary (bleeding) and secondary (hypoxia, edema). The influence of age and fall type on head injuries sustained was evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Injury patterns in children &lt;4 years varied with age. Despite similar injury severity scores, infants sustained more skull fractures than toddlers (71% vs. 39%). Of children with skull fractures, 11% had no evidence of scalp\/facial soft tissue swelling. Of the patients with primary intracranial injury, 30% had no skull fracture and 8% had neither skull fracture nor cranial soft tissue injury. Low height falls resulted in primary intracranial injury without soft tissue or skull injury in infants (6%) and toddlers (16%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Within a given fall type, age\u2010related differences in injuries exist between infants and toddlers. When interpreting a fall history, clinicians must consider the fall type and influence of age on resulting injury. For young children, intracranial injury is not always accompanied by external manifestations of their injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2011.10.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,2]],"date-time":"2011-11-02T01:02:42Z","timestamp":1320195762000},"page":"201-206","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Influence of age and fall type on head injuries in infants and toddlers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Nicole G.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA 19104 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan S.","family":"Margulies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA 19104 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy W.","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA 19104 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e683","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.6.e683","article-title":"Rates of pediatric injuries by 3\u2010month intervals for children 0 to 3 years of age","volume":"111","author":"Agran P.F.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"CDC National Vital Statistics Report 2004. 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