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Thus, the objective of this study was to clarify the effect of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in rat dams on the neurons development of different brain regions of their offspring at several postnatal weeks in relation to changes in the oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system. The adult female rats were administered methimazole (MMI) in drinking water (0.02% w\/v) from gestation day 1 to lactation day 21 to induce hypothyroidism and exogenous thyroxine (T4) in drinking water (0.002% w\/v) beside intragastric incubation of 50\u2013\u2013200 T4 \u03bcg\/kg body weight (b. wt.) to induce hyperthyroidism. In normal female rats, the sera total thyroxine (TT4) and total triiodothyronine (TT3) levels were detectably increased at day 10 post\u2010partum than those at day 10 of pregnancy. Free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), thyrotropin (TSH) and growth hormone (GH) concentrations in normal offspring were elevated at first, second and third postnatal weeks in an age\u2010dependent manner. In hypothyroid group, a marked depression was observed in sera of dam TT3 and TT4 as well as offspring FT3, FT4 and GH, while there was a significant increase in TSH level with the age progress. The reverse pattern to latter state was recorded in hyperthyroid group. Concomitantly, in control offspring, the rate of neuron development in both cerebellar and cerebral cortex was increased in its density and complexity with age progress. This development may depend, largely, on THs state. Both maternal hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism caused severe growth retardation in neurons of these regions of their offspring from the first to third weeks. Additionally, in normal offspring, seven antioxidant enzymes, four non\u2010enzymatic antioxidants and one oxidative stress marker (lipid peroxidation, LPO) followed a synchronized course of alterations in cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. In both thyroid states, the oxidative damage has been demonstrated by the increased LPO and inhibition of enzymatic and non\u2010enzymatic antioxidants in most examined ages and brain regions. These disturbances in the antioxidant defense system led to deterioration in the neuronal maturation and development. In conclusion, it can be suggested that the maldevelopment of neurons and dendrites in different brain regions of offspring of hypothyroid and hyperthyroid mother rat dams may be attributed, at least in part, to the excess oxidative stress and deteriorated antioxidant defense system in such conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2012.04.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T22:02:54Z","timestamp":1338588174000},"page":"517-537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Effects of experimentally induced maternal hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on the development of rat offspring: II\u2014The developmental pattern of neurons in relation to oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"O.M.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Division Zoology Department Faculty of Science Beni\u2010Suef University Beni\u2010Suef Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.G.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Anatomy and Embryology Division Zoology Department Faculty of Science Beni\u2010Suef University Beni\u2010Suef Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.W.","family":"El\u2010Gareib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Anatomy and Embryology Division Zoology Department Faculty of Science Cairo University Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.M.","family":"El\u2010Bakry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Anatomy and Embryology Division Zoology Department Faculty of Science Beni\u2010Suef University Beni\u2010Suef Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.M.","family":"Abd El\u2010Tawab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Division Zoology Department Faculty of Science Beni\u2010Suef University Beni\u2010Suef Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01850.x","article-title":"Peripheral parameters of oxidative stress in Graves\u2019 disease: The effects of methimazole and 131 iodine treatments","volume":"59","author":"Abalovich M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology (Oxford)"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9120(99)00024-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.1998.0336","article-title":"The effect of methimazole on the oxidant and antioxidant system in patients with hyperthyroidism","volume":"38","author":"Ademo\u011flu E.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharmacological Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2006.04.013"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-5748(99)00056-8","article-title":"Developmental pattern of reactive oxygen species generation and antioxidative defense machinery in rat cerebral microvessels","volume":"17","author":"Agarwal R.","year":"1999","journal-title":"International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","unstructured":"Ahmed R.G. 2004.Effect of heat Stress on the development of the nervous system in albino rats. 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