{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:54:34Z","timestamp":1788872074566,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,14]],"date-time":"2012-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1344902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Funds of the University of Illinois"},{"name":"NIH grant","award":["GM07143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GM07143"]}]},{"name":"NIH Systems and Integrative Biology Training Grants"},{"name":"NIH-sponsored Developmental Psychobiology and Neurobiology grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The plasticity and vulnerability of the rat spinal cord (SC) during postnatal development has been less investigated compared to other CNS structures. In this study, we determined the effects of thyroid hormonal (TH) deficiency and excess on postnatal growth and neurochemical development of the rat SC. The growth as well as the specific and total activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes of the SC were determined in hypo\u2010 and hyperthyroid rat pups at postnatal (P) days P1, P5, P10 and P21 (weaning), and were compared to age\u2010matched untreated normal controls. AChE is a cholinergic synaptic enzyme while BuChE is a metabolic enzyme mainly found in glial cells and neurovascular cells. The SC is rich in somatic motor, autonomic cholinergic neurons and associated interneurons. Daily subcutaneous injection of pups with thyroxine (T4) and administration of antithyroid goitrogen propylthiouracil (PTU) in the litter's drinking water were used to induce hyper\u2010 and hypothyroidism, respectively. Enzyme assays were carried out spectrophotometrically at the above\u2010mentioned ages, using SC homogenates with acetylthiocholine\u2010chloride as the substrate, together with specific cholinesterase inhibitors, which specifically target AChE and BuChE. SC weights were significantly lower at P10 and P21 in hypothyroid pups but unchanged in the hyperthyroid ones. Hypothyroidism significantly reduced both\n                    <jats:italic>specific and total<\/jats:italic>\n                    AChE activity in SC of P10 and P21 rat pups, while having no effects on the BuChE activity, although total BuChE activity was decreased due to reduced total tissue weight. In contrast both specific and total AChE activities were markedly and significantly\n                    <jats:italic>increased<\/jats:italic>\n                    (&gt;100%) in the P10 and P21 hyperthyroid pups. However, BuChE specific activity was unaffected by this treatment. The results indicate that hypothyroid condition significantly reduces, while hyperthyroidism increases, the postnatal development of cholinergic synapses, thereby influencing the functional development of this major sensory and motor structure. However, the neurochemical development of glia and other non\u2010neuronal cells, where BuChE is mainly localized, is comparatively unaffected in these abnormal developmental conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2012.07.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,14]],"date-time":"2012-08-14T11:46:47Z","timestamp":1344944807000},"page":"570-577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Differential effects of developmental hypo\u2010 and hyperthyroidism on acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity in the spinal cord of developing postnatal rat pups"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Faezeh","family":"Koohestani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular &amp; Integrative Physiology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana IL 61801 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chester M.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular &amp; Integrative Physiology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana IL 61801 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esmail","family":"Meisami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular &amp; Integrative Physiology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana IL 61801 United States"},{"name":"The Neuroscience Program University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana IL 61801 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.12.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490250312"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2007.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(93)90569-F","article-title":"Triiodothyronine (T3) modifies cholinergic\u2010induced hypothermia and tremor in rats","volume":"46","author":"Almeida O.M.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902290305"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9861(20001030)426:4<519::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(83)90068-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"Accelerated maturation and persistent growth impairment in the rat resulting from thyroxine administration in the neonatal period","volume":"73","author":"Best M.M.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490030513"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-005-7867-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(75)90245-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","volume-title":"Neurons and Networks: An Introduction to Nervous System","author":"Dowling J.E.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"435","volume-title":"Hormones and Development","author":"Eayrs J.T.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(61)90145-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.10.012","article-title":"Novel two\u2010dimensional morphometric maps and quantitative analysis reveal marked growth and structural recovery of the rat hippocampal regions from early hypothyroid retardation","volume":"204","author":"Farahvar A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2006.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-80-6-1069"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y75-099"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"Koohestani F. 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