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In these studies we used mixed neuronal\/glial culture derived from the NTERA\u20102 (NT\u20102) cell line, which has been established from human pluripotent testicular embryonal carcinoma cells. After characterization of the different stages of cell differentiation into neuronal\u2010 and glial\u2010like phenotype toxicity studies were performed to evaluate whether this model would be suitable for developmental neurotoxicity studies. The cells were exposed during the differentiation process to non\u2010cytotoxic concentrations of methylmercury chloride, lead chloride and aluminum nitrate for two weeks. The toxicity was then evaluated by measuring the mRNA levels of cell specific markers (neuronal and glial). The results obtained suggest that lead chloride and aluminum nitrate at low concentrations were toxic primarily to astrocytes and at the higher concentrations it also induced neurotoxicity. In contrast, MetHgCl was toxic for both cell types, neuronal and glial, as mRNA specific for astrocytes and neuronal markers were affected. The results obtained suggest that a neuronal mixed culture derived from human NT2 precursor cells is a suitable model for developmental neurotoxicity studies and gene expression could be used as a sensitive endpoint for initial screening of potential neurotoxic compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2013.03.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,13]],"date-time":"2013-03-13T22:46:37Z","timestamp":1363214797000},"page":"679-691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["A human pluripotent carcinoma stem cell\u2010based model for in vitro developmental neurotoxicity testing: Effects of methylmercury, lead and aluminum evaluated by gene expression studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Incoronata","family":"Laurenza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Health and Consumer Protection European Commission Joint Research Centre Ispra 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