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Though non\u2010neuronal cells in the brain are vital for the development, survival, and function of neurons, there is a paucity of comparative studies of normal development and DS, in particular in the temporal lobe, a region of interest for cognitive decline. We evaluated immunoreactivity for CD68 (macrophage), HLA\u2010DR (microglia), Olig2 and TPPP\/p25 (oligodendroglia), and GFAP (astroglia) in the germinal matrix (GM), temporal lobe white matter (TeWM) and hippocampus from 14 weeks of gestations to newborn in 28 DS patients and 30 age\u2010matched controls. The rate of increase of CD68 positive cells in the GM, CA1 hippocampal subregion and subiculum was significantly higher in DS. The density of Olig2 positive cells in the GM was lower in DS brains at early stages, then showed a transient increase contrasting controls. Olig2 expression increased more in the TeWM in DS, suggesting an altered pattern of oligodendrocyte progenitor generation. GFAP\u2010immunoreactivity in DS was significantly lower in the middle pregnancy period in the TeWM and did not increase between early and middle periods in the GM compared to controls, likely reflecting a defect in astrocyte production. The altered expression of non\u2010neuronal cell markers during normal development and DS may play a role in, or reflect, defective neurogenesis, leading to reduced number of neurons and delayed myelination in the developing DS brain. This has implications for the understanding of the mental retardation in DS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2013.09.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,7]],"date-time":"2013-10-07T18:02:34Z","timestamp":1381168954000},"page":"796-803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Non\u2010neuronal cell responses differ between normal and Down syndrome developing brains"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Kanaumi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurology Medical University of Vienna Vienna A\u20101090 Austria"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Nakatsu Municipal Hospital Nakatsu 871\u20108511 Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics School of Medicine Fukuoka University Fukuoka 814\u20100180 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Milenkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurology Medical University of Vienna Vienna A\u20101090 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Homa","family":"Adle\u2010Biassette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Lariboisi\u00e8re Hospital, APHP Paris France"},{"name":"Inserm, U676 F\u201075019 Paris France"},{"name":"Univ Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cit\u00e9, UMRS 676 F\u201075019 Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Aronica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of (Neuro)Pathology Academic Center University of The Netherlands The Netherlands"},{"name":"Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences Center for Neuroscience University of Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"SEIN Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland Heemstede The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabor G.","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurology Medical University of Vienna Vienna A\u20101090 Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"Impaired myelination of the human hippocampal formation in Down syndrome","volume":"30","author":"Abraham H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. 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