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Rats were subjected to left carotid artery ligation followed by 2 h of hypoxia (8% oxygen). We injected galantamine intraperitoneally just before hypoxia (5.0 mg\/kg, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 14; 2.5 mg\/kg, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 9; 1.0 mg\/kg, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 11) and after hypoxia (5.0 mg\/kg, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 7) to determine its neuroprotective effect. An equivalent volume of saline was administered as a control before (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 31) and after hypoxic load (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 7). We also examined the production of IL\u20101\u03b2 in the ligated hemisphere side after injection of galantamine (prior hypoxia; 5.0 mg\/kg, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 7) or saline (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 8). Brains were analyzed 7 days after HI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two of the 5.0 mg\/kg galantamine pre\u2010treated rats and a post\u2010treated rat died during experiments. The remaining survived and 5.0 mg\/kg galantamine pre\u2010treated rats showed a marked reduction of brain damage (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01) compared with the control. The other galantamine groups had severe brain damage similar to controls. Microglial accumulation was significantly reduced in rats pre\u2010treated with 5.0 mg\/kg of galantamine compared to control rats on both the hippocampus (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.02) and cortex (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). In contrast, the other galantamine groups showed a lower suppressive effect on microglial accumulation compared to the control. Galantamine significantly reduced IL\u20101\u03b2 productions when compared to the control (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pre\u2010treatment of galantamine reduced brain damage with a suppressive effect on microglial accumulation and IL\u20101\u03b2 production in a newborn rat model of HI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2014.06.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,24]],"date-time":"2014-06-24T16:39:40Z","timestamp":1403627980000},"page":"52-57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Galantamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, reduces brain damage induced by hypoxia\u2010ischemia in newborn rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Seishi","family":"Furukawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology Faculty of Medicine University of Miyazaki Miyazaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology Faculty of Medicine University of Miyazaki Miyazaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Sameshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology Faculty of Medicine University of Miyazaki Miyazaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/42.8.8027523"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-009-9236-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(00)00180-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mi.4.5.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000328989"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(83)90828-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.12.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70058-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600121"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719110385129"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2012.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Repetitive administration of acetylcholine receptor agonist rescues brain inflammation and brain damage after hypoxia\u2010ischemia in newborn rat","volume":"4","author":"Furukawa S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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