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However; more recent studies using genetic sex as a factor find that the development of the male and female brain is differentially affected by ASD. That is, the natural sex\u2010specific differences that exist between male and female brains lead to sexually dimorphic expressions of autism. Here we investigate the putative sexual dimorphism that exists in the deep cerebellar nuclei of male and female rats exposed to valproic acid (VPA) on embryological day 12.5. We find natural sex\u2010specific differences in adult nucleus area, length, and estimated cell populations. Therefore VPA exposure during embryology creates some sex\u2010specific deficits such as higher cell counts in the VPA males and lower cell counts in the VPA females. At the same time, some effects of VPA exposure occur regardless of sex. That is, smaller nucleus area and length lead to truncated nuclei in both VPA males and females. These deficits are more pronounced in the VPA males suggesting that genetic sex could play a role in teratogenic susceptibility to VPA. Taken together our results suggests that VPA exposure induces sexually dimorphic aberrations in morphological development along a mediolateral gradient at a discrete region of the hindbrain approximate to rhombomere (R) 1 and 2. Sex\u2010specific disruption of the local and long\u2010range projections emanating from this locus of susceptibility could offer a parsimonious explanation for the brain\u2010wide neuroanatomical variance reported in males and females with ASD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2014.10.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,31]],"date-time":"2014-10-31T20:06:39Z","timestamp":1414785999000},"page":"15-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Embryological exposure to valproic acid disrupts morphology of the deep cerebellar nuclei in a sexually dimorphic way"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Todd M.","family":"Mowery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University Bloomington IN United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University Bloomington IN United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polina V.","family":"Kostylev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University Bloomington IN United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blair","family":"Dina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University Bloomington IN United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer B.","family":"Buchholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University Bloomington IN United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne L.","family":"Prieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University Bloomington IN United States"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience Indiana University Bloomington IN United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preston E.","family":"Garraghty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University Bloomington IN United States"},{"name":"Program in Neuroscience Indiana University Bloomington IN United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2004.11.001"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.4.2.345","article-title":"Teratogenicity of sodium valproate","volume":"4","author":"Alsdorf R.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Opin. 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