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However, the mechanisms are largely unknown. Currently, pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines have been identified as a risk factor for depression and anxiety disorder. Unfortunately, there is very little research on the long\u2010term effects of prenatal stress on the neuroinflammatory system of offspring. Moreover, the relationship between antidepressant treatment and cytokines in the central nervous system, especially in the hippocampus, an important emotion modulation center, is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of prenatal chronic mild stress during development on affective\u2010like behaviors and hippocampal cytokines in adult offspring, and to verify whether antidepressant (duloxetine) administration from early adulthood could prevent the harmful consequences. To do so, prenatally stressed and non\u2010stressed Sprague\u2010Dawley rats were treated with either duloxetine (10 mg\/kg\/day) or vehicle from postnatal day 60 for 21 days. Adult offspring were divided into four groups: 1) prenatal stress + duloxetine treatment, 2) prenatal stress + vehicle, 3) duloxetine treatment alone, and 4) vehicle alone. Adult offspring were assessed for anxiety\u2010like behavior using the open field test and depression\u2010like behavior using the forced swim test. Brains were analyzed for pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine markers in the hippocampus via real\u2010time PCR. Results demonstrate that prenatal stress\u2010induced anxiety\u2010 and depression\u2010like behaviors are associated with an increase in hippocampal inflammatory mediators, and duloxetine administration prevents the increased hippocampal pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine interleukin\u20106 and anxiety\u2010 and depression\u2010like behavior in prenatally stressed adult offspring. This research provides important evidence on the long\u2010term effect of PNS exposure during development in a model of maternal adversity to study the pathogenesis of depression and its therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2016.09.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,14]],"date-time":"2016-09-14T20:37:32Z","timestamp":1473885452000},"page":"41-48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Duloxetine prevents the effects of prenatal stress on depressive\u2010like and anxiety\u2010like behavior and hippocampal expression of pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines in adult male offspring rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Xiaosong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Applied Psychology, China Medical University PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingmin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Essential Qualities Oriented Education College, Liaoning Finance Vocational College PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Applied Psychology, China Medical University PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Applied Psychology, China Medical University PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anji","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.08.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(91)90538-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03179902"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(98)00199-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000354176"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(97)00139-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.04.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.08.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.7.1342"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2006.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-86502007000500005","article-title":"Antidepressant behavioral effects of duloxetine and fluoxetine in the rat forced swimming test","volume":"22","author":"Ciulla L.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Cir. 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