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We examined the mechanism by which neonatal immune stress reduces sexual behavior in adult male rats.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control (n\u2009=\u200917), postnatal day 10 lipopolysaccharide (PND10LPS) (n\u2009=\u200931), and PND25LPS (n\u2009=\u200916) groups, which received intraperitoneal injections of LPS (100\u2009\u03bcg\/kg) or saline (injection volume: \u22640.1\u2009ml\/g) on postnatal days 10 and 25. In experiment 1, male rats (age: 11 to 12 weeks) were put together with female rats in a one\u2010to\u2010one setting for mating, and sexual behavior (mounting, intromission, and ejaculation) was monitored for 30\u2009minutes. The serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) and the hypothalamic mRNA expression levels of factors related to sexual behavior were examined. After experiment 1 finished, the remaining 37 male rats were used for experiment 2: the control group (n\u2009=\u20098), PND10 LPS group (n\u2009=\u200921) and PND25LPS group (n\u2009=\u20098) these rats had been given an i.p. injection of the saline during the expriment1. All of the rats were orchidectomized at 14 weeks of age. After a 3\u2010week recovery period, a silastic tube containing crystalline T was subcutaneously implanted into the back of each rat. The rats\u2019 sexual behavior, serum hormone concentrations, and hypothalamic mRNA expression levels were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In experiment 1, preputial separation occurred significantly later in the PND10LPS group than in the control group. The frequency of sexual behavior was significantly lower in the PND10LPS group than in the control group. The serum T concentrations of the PND10LPS and PND25LPS groups were significantly lower than that of the control group, but the serum LH concentrations of the 3 groups did not differ significantly. The hypothalamic mRNA expression levels of progesterone receptor B (\n                      <jats:italic>PRB<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and gonadotropin\u2010releasing hormone (\n                      <jats:italic>GnRH<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) were significantly lower in the PND10LPS and PND25LPS groups than in the control group, whereas the hypothalamic\n                      <jats:italic>PRA\u2009+\u2009B<\/jats:italic>\n                      mRNA expression levels of the 3 groups did not differ significantly. In experiment 2, after T supplementation the frequency of sexual behavior was significantly lower in the PND10LPS and PND25LPS groups than in the control group, although there were no significant differences in the serum T or LH concentrations or the hypothalamic\n                      <jats:italic>PRB<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>PRA\u2009+\u2009B<\/jats:italic>\n                      , or\n                      <jats:italic>GnRH<\/jats:italic>\n                      mRNA expression levels of the 3 groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In male rats, immune stress in the early neonatal period delayed sexual maturation, reduced sexual behavior, suppressed the serum T concentration, and downregulated the hypothalamic mRNA expression levels of\n                      <jats:italic>GnRH<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the\n                      <jats:italic>PR<\/jats:italic>\n                      in adulthood. The delayed sexual maturation was presumed to have been caused by the reduction in the serum T concentration. However, the rats that experienced neonatal stress exhibited reduced sexual behavior irrespective of their serum T concentrations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2018.08.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,18]],"date-time":"2018-08-18T12:14:15Z","timestamp":1534594455000},"page":"163-171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The reduction in sexual behavior induced by neonatal immune stress is not related to androgen levels in male rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Yiliyasi","family":"Mayila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University 3\u201018\u201015 Kuramoto\u2010cho Tokushima 770\u20108503 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