{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:45:50Z","timestamp":1790286350705,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J of Devlp Neuroscience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Particulate matter (PM) as an environmental pollutant is suspected to be associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The aim of this study was to assess whether exposures to PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> during the first three years of life in relation to the risk and degree of the severity of ASD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of two hundred and ninety\u2010seven 3\u20136 years old Chinese children (99 confirmed autism cases and 198 their age\u2010gender matched control subjects) were included. Children's exposures to PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter &lt;2.5\u2009\u03bcm) during the first three years after birth were estimated. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\u2010ASD association.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean levels of PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposures in ASD and typical developmental children during the first three years of life were 89.8[standard deviations (SD): 6.1] \u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> and 87.3(6.6) \u03bcg\/m3, respectively (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the serum levels of PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) score indicating severity of autism (r\u2009=\u20090.259; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.010). Based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the optimal cutoff value of PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> levels as an indicator for auxiliary diagnosis of ASD was projected to be 89.5ug\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, which yielded a sensitivity of 65.4% and a specificity of 63.2%, with the area under the curve at 0.61 (95% confidence intervals [CIs], 0.54\u22120.68; P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Multivariate analysis models were used to assess ASD risk according to PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> quartiles (the lowest quartile [Q1] as the reference), with the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) (95% CIs) were recorded. As shown in the Table 2, the 3rd and 4th quartile of PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> were compared against the Q1, and the risks were increased by 103% (OR\u2009=\u20092.03; 95%CI: 1.13\u20135.54; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.015) and 311% (4.15; 2.04\u20139.45; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>To conclude, the evidence from this study allowed us to conclude that there was an association between PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> exposure and ASD risk and severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2019.05.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T17:48:22Z","timestamp":1557424102000},"page":"59-63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The association between particulate matter 2.5 exposure and children with autism spectrum disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Ruihua","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics People's Hospital of Kenli District Dongying City Shandong Province 257500 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suqin","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics People's Hospital of Kenli District Dongying City Shandong Province 257500 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guizhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics People's Hospital of Kenli District Dongying City Shandong Province 257500 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_10_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.8b00360","article-title":"Ambient PM2. 5 reduces global and regional life expectancy","volume":"5","author":"Apte J.S.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. 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