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In humans, many of the most important such experiences take place in the context of the mother\u2010child attachment relationship. Work from animal models has highlighted neural changes in dopaminergic systems as a function of early care experiences, but translational research in humans has been limited. Our goal was to fill this gap by examining the longitudinal associations between early attachment experiences (assessed at 2.5 years) and neural responses to risk and rewards during adolescence (assessed at 13 years). Adolescence is a developmental period where sensitivity to rewards has important implications for behavior and long\u2010term outcomes, providing an important window to study potential influences of early attachment experiences on reward processing. In order to address this question, 50 adolescents completed a risk and reward task during an fMRI scan, allowing us to assess differences in neural sensitivity to changes in risk level and reward amount as a function of early attachment experiences. Adolescents with insecure attachment histories showed <jats:italic>blunted<\/jats:italic> sensitivity to increasing risk levels in regions of the dorsal striatum, while also showing <jats:italic>heightened<\/jats:italic> sensitivity to increasing reward levels in the same region. These results highlight the importance of early attachment experiences for long\u2010term neural development. Specifically, early exposure to more maladaptive relationships with caregivers may confer dual risks prospectively for adolescents, sensitizing them to rewarding outcomes while de\u2010sensitizing them to potential risks associated with those behaviors, perhaps due to stress\u2010related dopaminergic changes early in development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2019.06.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]],"date-time":"2019-06-26T16:03:30Z","timestamp":1561565010000},"page":"122-129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Alterations in adolescent dopaminergic systems as a function of early mother\u2010toddler attachment: A prospective longitudinal examination"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Ethan M.","family":"McCormick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27599 United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy L.","family":"McElwain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Development and Family Studies University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign IL 61801 United States"},{"name":"The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois Urbana\u2010Champaign IL 61801 United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva H.","family":"Telzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27599 United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2011.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Patterns of Attachment: a Psychological Study of the Strange Situation","author":"Ainsworth M.D.S.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb13620.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1554-07.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02401.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20119"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"245","volume-title":"The Cultural Nature of Attachment: Contextualizing Relationships and Development","author":"Bennett A.J.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"470","article-title":"Attachment and loss v. 3 (Vol. 1). 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