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This absence of screening is the result of inherent disadvantages of the Pap smear: high cost, low sensitivity, the need for a laboratory with high human expertise and a complex screening program logistic system. The prerequisites for screening in a developing country include a screening method that is affordable, which can be effectively applied once in a lifetime at the age of 30\u201335 years, provide an immediate result and thereby allowing for on\u2010site treatment of positive cases. None of the current screening methods comply with these prerequisites. More research is necessary into different combinations of tests, which improve sensitivity. On\u2010site human papillomavirus (HPV) identification, alone or in combination with other tests, is promising. Another promising development is immunization against HPV infection, either as a preventative measure or for stimulating immunity in infected women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2003.09.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,16]],"date-time":"2003-12-16T11:02:18Z","timestamp":1071572538000},"page":"101-108","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Screening for cervical cancer in developing countries"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"H.S.","family":"Cronj\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_2","volume-title":"Incidence of histologically diagnosed cancer in South Africa, 1993\u20131995. 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