{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:45:59Z","timestamp":1790768759792,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,19]],"date-time":"2004-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1084924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl J Gynecology &amp; Obste"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:label\/><jats:p><jats:italic>Objective<\/jats:italic>: To identify, from the best available evidence, underutilized and promising technologies that may reduce maternal mortality from obstructed labor. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>: The author sought systematic reviews of randomized trials, individual randomized trials, and, in the absence of randomized data, non\u2010randomized studies and clinical consensus. Data were presented according to the level of the evidence. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>: Obstructed labor causes approximately 8% of maternal deaths, and indirectly contributes to a greater percentage. Proven or widely accepted technologies that help reduce mortality from obstructed labor include contraception, external cephalic version, the partogram, augmentation of labor, selective amniotomy, selective episiotomy, vacuum extraction, caesarean section, symphysiotomy, and destructive procedures for non\u2010viable fetuses. Technologies of uncertain usefulness include maternal height and shoe size, vaginal cleansing, upright posture for delivery and vaginal lubrication. Unuseful technologies include pelvimetry, estimating fetal weight, early labor induction, routine amniotomy and augmentation, routine episiotomy, and starvation during labor. <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>: Access to well\u2010established technologies, particularly safe caesarean section, can reduce maternal mortality in resource\u2010poor countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2004.01.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,29]],"date-time":"2004-05-29T14:09:10Z","timestamp":1085839750000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Obstructed labor: using better technologies to reduce mortality"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"G.J","family":"Hofmeyr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Maternal mortality World health day\u2014safe motherhood","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","first-page":"34","volume-title":"Confidential enquiry into maternal deaths in South Africa","author":"Pattinson R.C","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(02)00010-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004947550003000205"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Obstructed labor at a district hospital","volume":"40","author":"Gaym A.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ethiopian Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349709024604"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Severe obstetric morbidity of the third trimester, delivery and early puerperium in Niamey (Niger)","volume":"2","author":"Prual A","year":"1998","journal-title":"Afr J Reprod Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2000.tb10394.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/21.5.941"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","unstructured":"Pattinson RC. Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at term (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software 2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofmeyr GJ Kulier R. External cephalic version for breech presentation at term (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software 2003","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000184.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofmeyr GJ. External cephalic version for breech presentation before term (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software 2003","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000184.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hodnett ED Sakala C Hofmeyr GJ. Continuous support for women during childbirth (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library Issue 2. Oxford: Update Software 2003","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003766"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singata M Tranmer JE. Restricting oral fluid and food intake during labour (Protocol for a Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software 2003","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003930"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","unstructured":"Fraser WD Turcot L Krauss I Brisson\u2010Carrol G. Amniotomy for shortening spontaneous labour (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software 2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10051.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","unstructured":"Fraser WD Roy C Turcot L. Early amniotomy and early oxytocin for delay in nulliparae compared with routine care (Protocol for a Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software 2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofmeyr GJ G\u00fclmezoglu AM. Vaginal misoprostol for cervical ripening and induction of labour (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software 2003","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000941"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_5_20_2","first-page":"952","article-title":"Titrated oral misoprostol solution for induction of labour: a multi\u2010centre, randomised trial","volume":"108","author":"Hofmeyr G.J","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.13.1.59.63"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-198311000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_2","unstructured":"Hofmeyr GJ Kulier R. Hands\/knees posture in late pregnancy or labour for fetal malposition (lateral or posterior) (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software 2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(60)90126-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0897-1897(05)80148-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_2","first-page":"153","article-title":"Position during labour","volume":"2","author":"Hofmeyr G.J","year":"2002","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_2","unstructured":"Gupta JK Hofmeyr GJ. Position for women during second stage of labour (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library Issue 2. Oxford: Update Software 2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)91275-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(02)00004-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-536x.1999.00089.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-0528.2003.02298.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10260.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7200225"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004947559802800308"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200011000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(99)00068-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7102.216"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lumbiganon P Thinkhamrop J Thinkhamrop B Tolosa JE. Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour for preventing maternal and neonatal infections (excluding Group B Streptococcal and HIV) (Protocol for a Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software 2003","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004070"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_2","unstructured":"Schaub AF. Happy child birth lubricant: the revolution in obstetric pain and safety measurement. Swiss Patent Application No. 2002 0121\/02 2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_2","unstructured":"Carroli G Belizan J. Episiotomy for vaginal birth (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software 2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_2","unstructured":"Johanson RB Menon V. Vacuum extraction vs. forceps for assisted vaginal delivery (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software 2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001703-200012000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1990.tb16238.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_2","unstructured":"Johanson R Menon V. Soft vs. rigid vacuum extractor cups for assisted vaginal delivery (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software 2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828X.2001.tb01200.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200212000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-200006000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-200001000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_2","first-page":"44","article-title":"Objective evaluation of the shoulder dystocia phenomenon: effect of maternal pelvic orientation on force reduction","volume":"74","author":"Gonk B","year":"1989","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05632-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-199902000-00030"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumant A de Bernis L Bouvier\u2010Colle M\u2010H Breart G for the MOMA Study Group. Caesarean section rate for maternal indication in sub\u2010Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Lancet 2001; 358: 1328\u20131333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06414-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_2","first-page":"163","article-title":"Advantages of local anesthesia for caesarean section","volume":"4","author":"Rannay B.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smaill F Hofmeyr GJ. Antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean section (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software 2003","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000933"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610220141290"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-0528.2003.02001.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.01214.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/beog.2001.0259"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_2","first-page":"248, 250","article-title":"Role of destructive operations in modern day obstetrics","volume":"99","author":"Biswas A","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Indian Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_2","unstructured":"Nhindiri P Munjanja S Zhanda I Lindmark G Nystrom L. A community\u2010based study of utilisation of maternity services in rural Zimbabwe. Afr J Health Sci November 1996; 3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_61_2","unstructured":"The Better Births Initiative. In: WHO Reproductive Health Library No. 6. Geneva: World Health Organization 2003 (WHO\/RHR\/03.5)"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(03)00071-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(97)00164-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)30110-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2001.tb01283.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_66_2","first-page":"43","article-title":"Ruptured uterus: an ongoing tragedy of motherhood","volume":"27","author":"Khanam R.A","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1016%2Fj.ijgo.2004.01.011","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1016%2Fj.ijgo.2004.01.011","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020729204000591?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020729204000591?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.ijgo.2004.01.011","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T11:00:10Z","timestamp":1695553210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1016\/j.ijgo.2004.01.011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,19]]},"references-count":65,"aliases":["10.1016\/s0020-7292(04)00059-1"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1016\/j.ijgo.2004.01.011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijgo.2004.01.011","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7292","1879-3479"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-7292","type":"print"},{"value":"1879-3479","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,19]]}}}