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A range of indicators of maternal and neonatal health exist\u2014those primarily affecting pregnant and postpartum women, and those affecting the health and survival of infants. Pregnancy outcome may be affected by toxicant exposure, maternal habits, occupational hazards, psychosocial factors, socioeconomic status, racial disparity, chronic stress, and infections. An increase in obstetric pathologies related to lifestyle, environment, aging, and diet has been seen in Western countries. Large segments of the population are obese and this factor is associated with a great number of adverse reproductive health outcomes. In other countries, the most important objective is to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases and their transmission from mother to fetus. AIDS remains the leading cause of death of children worldwide.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.03.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,28]],"date-time":"2009-06-28T08:12:23Z","timestamp":1246176743000},"page":"115-119","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Actions needed to improve maternal health"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Eyad","family":"Al\u2010Saleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gian Carlo","family":"Di Renzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2007.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2008.00215.x"},{"issue":"44","key":"e_1_2_4_4_2","first-page":"1048","article-title":"Medical\u2010care expenditures attributable to cigarette smoking during pregnancy \u2013 United States, 1995","volume":"46","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"1997","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)07104-5"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.5.1392","article-title":"Effects of fish\u2010oil and folate supplementation of pregnant women on maternal and fetal plasma concentrations of docosahexaeonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid: a European randomized multicenter trial","volume":"85","author":"Krauss\u2010Etschmann S.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2008.01.030","article-title":"Position of the American Dietetic Association: nutrition and lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy outcome","volume":"108","author":"Kaiser L.","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-168"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-006-0115-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340802061111"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_11_2","volume-title":"Nutrition During Pregnancy","author":"Institute of Medicine (IOM), National Academy of Sciences, Subcommittee on Nutritional Status and Weight Gain During Pregnancy","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.8-4-122"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_13_2","volume-title":"Technical Bulletin No. 195: Substance Abuse in Pregnancy","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_14_2","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. 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