{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:35:13Z","timestamp":1790872513313,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,12]],"date-time":"2010-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1265932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl J Gynecology &amp; Obste"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the feasibility and performance of screening for cervical cancer using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) or with Lugol's iodine (VILI) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The accuracy of tests for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) was assessed in a cross\u2010sectional study of 10 378 women. All women who were screened underwent colposcopy, and biopsies were offered to those with abnormal colposcopy results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The positivity rates were 3.8% for VIA and 4.8% for VILI. The peak positivity rates for both visual tests were observed just after training or re\u2010training and gradually declined thereafter. CIN 1 was diagnosed in 41 women, CIN 2\u20133 in 33 women, and invasive cancer in 200 women, showing high detection rates of invasive cancer. The sensitivity and specificity for the detection of CIN 2\u20133 lesions were 60.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 42.1\u201377.1) and 98.2% (95% CI, 97.9\u201398.4), respectively, for VIA; and 93.9% (95% CI, 79.8\u201399.3) and 97.3% (95% CI, 97.0\u201397.6), respectively, for VILI. Two\u2010thirds of the women detected with CIN 2\u20133 lesions were treated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both visual screening tests are useful and accurate, especially in low\u2010income settings. Standardization of assessment of the visual inspection techniques, continual training and supervision, and quality control measures are important for successful visual screening programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.11.025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,13]],"date-time":"2010-02-13T04:24:22Z","timestamp":1266035062000},"page":"100-104","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Evaluation of cervical visual inspection screening in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Twalib","family":"Ngoma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Muwonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julius","family":"Mwaiselage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesca","family":"Kawegere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pendo","family":"Bukori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rengaswamy","family":"Sankaranarayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","series-title":"IARC Scientific Publication","volume-title":"Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Vol IX","author":"Curado M.P.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","series-title":"IARC CancerBase","volume-title":"GLOBOCAN 2002: Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide","author":"Ferlay J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602540"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20471"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2005.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","volume-title":"A Practical Manual on Visual Screening for Cervical Neoplasia","author":"Sankaranarayanan R.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","volume-title":"Colposcopy and Treatment on Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia: A Beginners' Manual","author":"Sellors J.W.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470760093"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","volume-title":"Cancer Epidemiology: Principles and Methods","author":"dos Santos Silva I.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of JHPIEGO Workshop on Cervical Cancer, Baltimore","author":"JHPIEGO","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02122.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/hosp.2002.63.4.2040"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.12.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.lgt.0000179864.59951.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.17.2173"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12707-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","series-title":"NHSCSP Publication","volume-title":"Colposcopy and Programme Management: Guidelines for the NHS Cervical Screening Programme","author":"Luesley D.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20190"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21972"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/0969141054855328"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61195-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70210-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(07)60016-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.104273"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Gynecology &amp; 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