{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T21:43:06Z","timestamp":1776980586480,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,2]],"date-time":"2016-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2254,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Intl J Gynecology &amp; Obste"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare temperatures reached by 4 different cryotherapy devices commonly used to treat precancerous cervical lesions in low\u2010resource countries using nitrous oxide (N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O) and carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) as well as with and without a gas conditioner.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bench testing was conducted using 4 different cryotherapy devices and locally obtained N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O and medical\u2010 and industrial\u2010grade CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> refrigerant with and without a gas conditioner. A thermocouple was used to continuously measure the temperature of the cryotherapy tip. Comparison across the cryotherapy devices was based on the mean and lowest temperatures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Without the gas conditioner, all of the devices tested reached mean temperatures colder than \u201350 \u00b0C with N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O, although 2 devices reached warmer temperatures in a proportion of N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O tests. Only 2 of the devices reached mean temperatures colder than \u201350 \u00b0C with CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. One\u2010way analysis of variance identified the device as the dominant factor for the temperature differences, while the gas was not a determinant of temperature variation. The gas conditioner hindered the performance of 2 of the devices, and only improved the performance of 1 device.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O and CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> reach appropriate freezing temperatures with some cryotherapy devices. Performance of some cryotherapy devices is suboptimal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2010.04.032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,2]],"date-time":"2010-07-02T08:23:48Z","timestamp":1278059028000},"page":"73-77","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Performance of cryotherapy devices using nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Winkler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Jeronimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jered","family":"Singleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amynah","family":"Janmohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","volume-title":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) CancerBase","author":"Ferlay J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61416-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2005.01.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","volume-title":"Cervical cancer prevention issues in depth #1. 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