{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T18:11:14Z","timestamp":1759515074147,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]],"date-time":"2013-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]],"date-time":"2013-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,30]],"date-time":"2013-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":59,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":760,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004439","name":"William and Flora Hewlett Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004439","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004439","name":"William and Flora Hewlett Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004439","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004439","name":"William and Flora Hewlett Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004439","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ijgo.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Intl J Gynecology &amp; Obste"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>An unresolved debate in demography concerns the causal sequence between the supply of contraception and the demand for smaller families in fertility decline. Through a mixed\u2010methods approach, we explored the effect of a sudden increase in access to legal abortion on subsequent fertility decline when Ghana's criminal code was amended in 1985.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys, we constructed a panel of women aged 15\u201334 years and undertook a spline regression analysis to examine the effect of legal changes in 1985 and fertility decline controlling for social determinants of fertility. In addition, we conducted 17 key informant interviews (KIIs) to understand the reasons for the legal change and competing explanations for fertility decline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multivariate results indicated that the timing of the liberalization of the abortion law coincided with the onset of Ghana's fertility decline. The KIIs indicated that the reasons for the liberalization of reproductive health laws were in response to famine and physician advocacy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>While the timing of the abortion law liberalization coincided with the fertility decline in Ghana, we are unable to decouple the effect of the legal change from the effects of a severe famine that affected the region at the same time. Further research on documented and undocumented abortion in Ghana should be conducted to validate the contribution of legal abortion to fertility decline.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2013.07.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]],"date-time":"2013-08-02T14:46:40Z","timestamp":1375454800000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Reproductive health laws and fertility decline in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Jocelyn E.","family":"Finlay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley M.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0032472031000147236"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2137629"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2137605"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2137603"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1574-003X(97)80025-6"},{"volume-title":"From Death to Birth: Mortality Decline and Reproductive Change","year":"1998","author":"Montgomery M.R.","key":"e_1_2_7_7_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-750X(02)00069-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2991926"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","unstructured":"FinlayJ.E. CanningD. PoJ.Y.T.Reproductive health laws around the world PGDA Working Paper #96.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932002004753"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","unstructured":"Agyei\u2010MensahS.The fertility transition in Ghana revisted Paper prepared for the XXV IUSSP International Population Conference; July 18\u201323 2005.2005(Tours http:\/\/iussp2005.princeton.edu\/download.aspx?submissionId=51758. Accessed 22 February 2011)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","first-page":"139","volume-title":"The Sociocultural and Political Aspects of Abortion: Global Perspectives","author":"Anarfi J.K.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","unstructured":"Measure DHS STATcomplier Data Table. Ghana 2003 current use of contraception: any modern method for currently married women.http:\/\/statcompiler.com\/(Accessed March 1 2013)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1973678"},{"volume-title":"Abortion policies: a global review","year":"2002","author":"United Nations Population Division","key":"e_1_2_7_16_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1973320"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0032472052000332700"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.100.1.98"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1972149"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2673833"},{"volume-title":"Spline Regression","year":"2001","author":"Marsh L.C.","key":"e_1_2_7_22_2"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","first-page":"1101","article-title":"Qualitative methods: what are they and why use them?","volume":"34","author":"Sofaer S.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00422.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2003.00087.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2008.00160.x"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1016%2Fj.ijgo.2013.07.008","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1016%2Fj.ijgo.2013.07.008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020729213003810?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020729213003810?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1016\/j.ijgo.2013.07.008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T15:56:41Z","timestamp":1695571001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1016\/j.ijgo.2013.07.008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1016\/j.ijgo.2013.07.008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijgo.2013.07.008","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-7292","1879-3479"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0020-7292"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1879-3479"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Reproductive health laws and fertility decline in Ghana","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijgo.2013.07.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 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