{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:02:13Z","timestamp":1793642533533,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,10]],"date-time":"2019-05-10T08:20:27Z","timestamp":1557476427000},"page":"840-846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Giardia and Cryptosporidium in children with diarrhea, Kufra, Libya, a North African migration route city"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"Frhat M.A.","family":"Saaed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry E.","family":"Ongerth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib1","first-page":"907","article-title":"Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium infections in child day-care centers in Fulton Country, Georgia","volume":"10","author":"Addiss","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02509-09","article-title":"Multisite study of cryptosporidiosis in children with diarrhea in India","volume":"48","author":"Ajjampur","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib3","first-page":"613_6","article-title":"The prevalence of parasites in commonly used leafy vegetables in South Western Saudi Arabia","volume":"27","author":"Al-Binali","year":"2006","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505_10","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803235002470","article-title":"Detection of Cryptosporidium amongst diarrhoeic and asymptomatic children in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"97","author":"Al-Braiken","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib5","first-page":"73_9","article-title":"Evaluation of risk factors of cryptosporidiosis in children: a case-control study in Mosul city","volume":"16","author":"Al-Dabbagh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tikrit Med. J."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.02.006","article-title":"Giardiasis as a predictor of childhood malnutrition in Orang Asli children in Malaysia","volume":"99","author":"Al-Mekhlafi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib7","first-page":"555","article-title":"Frequency of Giardia lamblia among children in Dhouk, northern Iraq","volume":"12","author":"Al-Saeed","year":"2006","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib8","first-page":"26","article-title":"Screening of Cryptosporidium oocysts in clinically immunocompetent children","volume":"19","author":"Al-Tawaty","year":"2002","journal-title":"Garyounis Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.4.973-977.1995","article-title":"Controlled study of Escherichia coli diarrheal infections in Bangladeshi children","volume":"33","author":"Albert","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib10","first-page":"1759","article-title":"Etiology of childhood diarrhea in Zlieten, Libya","volume":"26","author":"Ali","year":"2005","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2004.216","article-title":"Cryptosporidium spp., a frequent cause of diarrhea among children at the Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana","volume":"57","author":"Andrew","year":"2004","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688307600114","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in man, domestic animals and birds, a review","volume":"76","author":"Angus","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02024.x","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia infection and drinking water sources among children in Lege Dini, Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Ayalew","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib14","first-page":"1011","article-title":"Intestinal parasitic infections among school children in Tripoli, Libya","volume":"7","author":"Ben Mousa","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/148.4.772","article-title":"Accidental infection of a researcher with human Cryptosporidium","volume":"148","author":"Bilagburn","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.20.5.874-876.1984","article-title":"Cryptosporidium sp., a frequent cause of diarrhea in Central Africa","volume":"20","author":"Bogaerts","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib17","first-page":"13","article-title":"The incidence of intestinal parasites in the Tripoli area of Libya","volume":"1","author":"Bolbol","year":"1981","journal-title":"Sina. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib18","first-page":"169","article-title":"Incidence of Cryptosporidium in patients with diarrhea","volume":"16","author":"Bugharara","year":"1999","journal-title":"Riv. Di. Parasit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.4.3.325","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis","volume":"4","author":"Current","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198305263082102","article-title":"Human cryptosporidiosis in immunocompetent and immunodeficient persons","volume":"308","author":"Current","year":"1983","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib21","first-page":"107_20","article-title":"Correlation of ELISA copro-antigen and oocysts count to the severity of cryptosporidiosis parvum in children","volume":"37","author":"El Shazly","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib22","first-page":"106","article-title":"Intestinal Protozoan infections in Benghazi","volume":"1","author":"El-Buni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sebha Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib23","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasites among expatriates in Benghazi, Libya","author":"El-Buni","year":"1998","journal-title":"Jamahiriya Med. Sci. Congress, Benghazi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib24","first-page":"104_10","article-title":"Detection of cryptosporidial infection among Egyptian stray dogs by using Cryptosporidium parvum outer wall protein gene","volume":"13","author":"El-Madawy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-41","article-title":"Characteristics and Risk factors for symptomatic Giardia lamblia infection in Germany","volume":"10","author":"Espelage","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib26","first-page":"793","article-title":"Intestinal and bronchial cryptosporidiosis in an immunodeficient homosexual man","volume":"99","author":"Forgacs","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4459","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.12.4459-4462.2000","article-title":"Diarrhoea in Children under 5 years of age from Ifakara, Tanzania: a case study","volume":"38","author":"Gascon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19852","DOI":"10.3402\/ljm.v7i0.19852","article-title":"Cryptosporidium in countries of the Arab world: the past decade (2002_2011)","volume":"7","author":"Ghenghesh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Libyan J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib29","series-title":"Medical Microbiology","author":"Greenwood","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)30939-1","article-title":"Pathology of calves with diarrhea in southern Britain","volume":"45","author":"Hall","year":"1988","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib31","first-page":"31","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasites among children in day-care centers in Damghan - Iran","volume":"32","author":"Heidari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1198-743x.2001.00254.x","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in Kuwaiti children: seasonality and endemicity","volume":"7","author":"Iqbal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib33","article-title":"Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species and Giardia lamblia infection in patients attending Siaya District Hospital","volume":"4","author":"Koskei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Med. Health Sci."},{"issue":"9888","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036088","article-title":"Persistent diarrhea in children: risk factors, pathophysiology, nutritional impact, and management","volume":"14","author":"Lima","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199407213310304","article-title":"A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply","volume":"331","author":"Mackenzie","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib37","author":"Mbae"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003680","article-title":"Prevalence and factors associated with intestinal parasitic infection among children in an urban slum of Karachi","volume":"3","author":"Mehraj","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(88)90087-7","article-title":"Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium","volume":"4","author":"Meyer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199106000-00004","article-title":"Calves as a source of an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis among children in an agricultural closed community","volume":"10","author":"Miron","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1994.tb06155.x","article-title":"Waterborne disease in the United States, 1991 and 1992","volume":"86","author":"Moore","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Work. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-120-6-199403150-00009","article-title":"Household epidemiology of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in an urban community in northeast Brazil","volume":"120","author":"Newman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634_9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00891.x","article-title":"Enteropathogens associated with cases of gastroenteritis in a rural population in Jordan","volume":"10","author":"Nimri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255_9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2004.05.014","article-title":"Polymicrobial infections in children with diarrhea in a rural area of Jordan","volume":"42","author":"Nimri","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-163","article-title":"Giardia lamblia: a Major parasitic cause of childhood diarrhea in patients attending a district hospital in Ghana","volume":"4","author":"Nkrumah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib46","first-page":"55","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal protozoa in an aborigine community in Pahang, Malaysia","volume":"24","author":"Noor Azian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e564","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00151-5","article-title":"Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED)","volume":"3","author":"Platts-Mills","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0116","article-title":"Enteric pathogens associated with childhood diarrhea in Tripoli-Libya","volume":"84","author":"Rahouma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib49","series-title":"Proceedings of 8th International Research Conference","article-title":"Laboratory investigation of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in children with Diarrhoea; a hospital based study","author":"Rathnayake","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib50","first-page":"51","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in Ogun state, southwest Nigeria","volume":"38","author":"Reinthaler","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib51","series-title":"Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst contamination of salad vegetables in Kufra city, Libya. The First Scientific Conference On Environment and Development The Deseret Societies","author":"Saaed Frhat","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib52","first-page":"205","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasites among primary school children in Derna District, Libya","volume":"37","author":"Sadaga","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib53","first-page":"59","article-title":"Intestinal protozoa in Libyan patients in Sirte","volume":"6","author":"Salem","year":"2006","journal-title":"Jamahiriya Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.1095","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis and other intestinal Protozoan infections in children less than one year of age in Mexico city","volume":"75","author":"Sanchez-Vega","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib55","first-page":"199","article-title":"Prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection in Amman, Jordan","volume":"21","author":"Shakkoury","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib56","first-page":"479_88","article-title":"Studies on zoonotic cryptosporidiosis parvum in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt","volume":"39","author":"Shoukry","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.360","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in developing countries","volume":"1","author":"Snelling","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(94)90098-1","article-title":"Workshop summary: parasitic zoonoses-new issues","volume":"54","author":"Thompson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.47.1.84-96.1983","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in animals and humans","volume":"47","author":"Tzipori","year":"1983","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-2276.2003.01145.x","article-title":"Short communication: prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar in northern Ghana","volume":"8","author":"Verweij","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(81)90614-4","article-title":"Intestinal cryptosporidiosis complicated by disseminated cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"81","author":"Weinstein","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01457.x","article-title":"Evaluation of seven commercial antigen detection tests for Giardia and Cryptosporidium in stool sample","volume":"12","author":"Weitzel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib63","series-title":"Basic Laboratory Methods in Medical Parasitology","author":"WHO","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib64","first-page":"1","volume":"vol. 19\/E\/L","author":"WHO","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib65","series-title":"\u201cMaking Every Mother and Child Count,\u201d World Health Report","author":"WHO","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib66","author":"WHO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006_bib67","first-page":"171","article-title":"Frequency of Giardia lamblia infection in children with recurrent abdominal pain","volume":"58","author":"Younas","year":"2008","journal-title":"JPMA"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1438463918308356?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1438463918308356?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T17:25:59Z","timestamp":1761413159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1438463918308356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1438463918308356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1438-4639"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-4639","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Giardia and Cryptosporidium in children with diarrhea, Kufra, Libya, a North African migration route city","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}