{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T08:06:36Z","timestamp":1790755596644,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U60-OH009762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U60-OH009762"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,8]],"date-time":"2019-05-08T19:01:22Z","timestamp":1557342082000},"page":"804-815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Assessment and control of exposures to polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) in spray polyurethane foam applicators"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"222","author":[{"given":"Anila","family":"Bello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalong","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Gore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Woskie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhimiter","family":"Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7337","article-title":"Urinary creatinine concentrations in the U.S. Population: implications for urinary biologic monitoring measurements","volume":"113","author":"Barr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.01.020","article-title":"Exposure to organophosphate flame retardants in spray polyurethane foam applicators: role of dermal exposure","volume":"113","author":"Bello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9557","article-title":"Skin exposure to isocyanates: reasons for concern","volume":"115","author":"Bello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib4","series-title":"Evaluation of the DAN Method for the Determination of Total Reactive Isocyanate Group: Phase III-LC-MS\/MS Analytical Finish & Field Testing","author":"Bello","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20076","article-title":"Polyisocyanates in occupational environments: a critical review of exposure limits and metrics","volume":"46","author":"Bello","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6673-6-9","article-title":"Elimination kinetics of diisocyanates after specific inhalative challenges in humans: mass spectrometry analysis, as a basis for biomonitoring strategies","volume":"6","author":"Budnik","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Occup. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000104","article-title":"Patch testing custom isocyanate materials from the workplace","volume":"26","author":"Burrows","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatitis: contact, atopic, occupational, drug"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib8","first-page":"127","article-title":"Biological monitoring for isocyanates","volume":"55","author":"Cocker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib9","first-page":"609","article-title":"Assessing isocyanate exposures in polyurethane industry sectors using biological and air monitoring methods","volume":"50","author":"Creely","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4878(99)00031-9","article-title":"Exposure to MDI during the process of insulating buildings with sprayed polyurethane foam","volume":"43","author":"Crespo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib11","series-title":"Methods of Dealing with Values below the Limit of Detection Using SAS","author":"Croghan","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib12","series-title":"Patch Testing. Test Concentrations and Vehicles for 4350 Chemicals","author":"DeGroot","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib13","series-title":"Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) and Related Compounds Action Plan","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib14","first-page":"678","article-title":"Urine 1,6-hexamethylene diamine (HDA) levels among workers exposed to 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI)","volume":"54","author":"Gaines","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12853","article-title":"Sensitization to diphenylmethane-diisocyanate isomers by a single accidental exposure","volume":"78","author":"Geier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib16","first-page":"2017","author":"Global Markets Insights Inc","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0536.2002.470509.x","article-title":"Occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by isocyanates","volume":"47","author":"Goossens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/cod.12809","volume":"77","author":"Hamada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mew052","article-title":"Development of an interception glove sampler for skin exposures to aromatic isocyanates","volume":"60","author":"Harari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2014.12.012","article-title":"Role of dermal exposure in systemic intake of methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) among construction and boat building workers","volume":"232","author":"Henriks-Eckerman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1080\/15298668191420477","article-title":"Risk associated with the spray application of polyurethane foam","volume":"42","author":"Hosein","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib22","first-page":"245415","article-title":"LC-MS-MS measurements of urinary creatinine and the application of creatinine normalization technique on cotinine in smokers' 24 hour urine","author":"Hou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.07.015","article-title":"Health effects associated with faulty application of spray polyurethane foam in residential homes","volume":"134","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxx006","article-title":"Exposure to diisocyanates and their corresponding diamines in seven different workplaces","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annals of Work Exposures and Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib25","series-title":"Home Improverment Projects Drive Sales of Spray Foam Insulation","author":"Kavanaugh","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/15459620601133779","article-title":"Airborne methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) concentrations associated with the application of polyurethane spray foam in residential construction","volume":"4","author":"Lesage","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib27","article-title":"Dermal and inhalation exposure to methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI) in iron foundry workers","volume":"54","author":"Liljelind","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000278","article-title":"Isocyanates and human health: multistakeholder information needs and research Priorities","volume":"57","author":"Lockey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.09.010","article-title":"Agents causing occupational asthma","volume":"123","author":"Malo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1039\/b403439b","article-title":"Determination of amines as pentafluoropropionic acid anhydride derivatives in biological samples using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"129","author":"Marand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib31","author":"Marlow","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxy030","article-title":"Testing of disposable protective garments against isocyanate permeation from spray polyurethane foam insulation","volume":"62","author":"Mellette","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of Work Exposures and Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib33","series-title":"Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM)","article-title":"Isocyanates, total (MAP) : method 5525, issue 1","author":"NIOSH","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib34","series-title":"A Summary of Health Hazard Evaluations: Issues Related to Occupational Exposure to Isocyanates, 1989 to 2002","author":"NIOSH","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/00028896209342880","article-title":"Health hazards of spraying polyurethane foam out-of-doors","volume":"23","author":"Peterson","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mev025","article-title":"CIP10 optimization for 4,4-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate aerosol sampling and field comparison with impinger method","volume":"59","author":"Puscasu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1093\/annweh\/wxx023","article-title":"Implementation and evaluation of an analytical method for a novel derivatizing agent to measure 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate atmospheres","volume":"61","author":"Puscasu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annals of Work Exposures and Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2016.1159691","article-title":"Implementation and evaluation of an analytical method for a novel derivatizing agent to measure 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate atmospheres","volume":"13","author":"Puscasu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ay41679h","article-title":"Adaptation of CIP10 for the sampling of 4,4\u2032-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate aerosols","volume":"6","author":"Puscasu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Analytical Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib40","series-title":"Paper Presented at the SPFA Conference and Expo, Jacksonville, Florida","article-title":"Potential health effects related to worker exposure to PU spray foam","author":"Redlich","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201002-025RM","article-title":"Skin exposure and asthma: is there a connection?","volume":"7","author":"Redlich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib42","series-title":"Environmental and Occupational Medicine","first-page":"502","article-title":"Isocyanate exposures and health effects","author":"Redlich","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-006-0150-3","article-title":"Biological monitoring of workers exposed to 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in 19 French polyurethane industries","volume":"80","author":"Robert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1080\/13547500701395636","article-title":"Determination of isocyanate biomarkers in construction site workers","volume":"12","author":"Sabbioni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2016.1166173","article-title":"Physical performances and kinetics of evaporation of the CIP 10-M personal sampler's rotating cup containing aqueous or viscous collection fluid","volume":"50","author":"Simon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib46","series-title":"Measurements of Total Reactive Isocyanate Groups in Samples Using Bifunctional Nucleophiles Such as 1,8-Diaminonaphthalene (DAN).","author":"Streicher","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib47","series-title":"Occpupational Outlook Handbook","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.8b00262","article-title":"Di-lysine-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), a urine biomarker of MDI exposure?","author":"Wisnewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib49","series-title":"Asthma in the Workplace, Third Edition","first-page":"481","article-title":"Polyisocyanates and their Prepolymers","author":"Wisnewski","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6673-6-6","article-title":"Immune sensitization to methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) resulting from skin exposure: albumin as a carrier protein connecting skin exposure to subsequent respiratory responses","volume":"6","author":"Wisnewski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Occup. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014_bib51","first-page":"24","article-title":"WHO biological monitoring of chemical exposure in the workplace","volume":"1","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1996","journal-title":"Guidelines"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1438463919300276?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1438463919300276?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T17:25:10Z","timestamp":1761413110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1438463919300276"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1438463919300276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["1438-4639"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-4639","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Assessment and control of exposures to polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) in spray polyurethane foam applicators","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.04.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}