{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T04:44:18Z","timestamp":1792557858978,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,16]],"date-time":"2020-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008604","name":"Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008604","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006549","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006549","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T22:30:18Z","timestamp":1605825018000},"page":"113665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Long-term time trend of lead exposure in young German adults \u2013 Evaluation of more than 35\u00a0Years of data of the German Environmental Specimen Bank"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"231","author":[{"given":"Dominik","family":"Lermen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2889-8214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Till","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"G\u00f6en","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Bartel-Steinbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederik","family":"Gwinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine C.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Conrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"R\u00fcther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hagen","family":"von Briesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8644-7564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marike","family":"Kolossa-Gehring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1003184","article-title":"Prenatal lead exposure and weight of 0- to 5-year-old children in Mexico city","volume":"119","author":"Afeiche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.09.007","article-title":"New HBM values for emerging substances, inventory of reference and HBM values in force, and working principles of the German Human Biomonitoring Commission","volume":"220","author":"Apel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.08.034","article-title":"Predicting blood lead levels from current and past environmental data in Europe","volume":"409","author":"Bierkens","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1995.1043","article-title":"Updating about reductions of air and blood lead concentrations in turin, Italy, following reductions in the lead content of gasoline","volume":"70","author":"Bono","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/19393210.2016.1209572","article-title":"Heavy metals and essential elements in Italian cereals","volume":"9","author":"Brizio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.09.001","article-title":"Blood lead levels in a representative sample of the Spanish adult population: the BIOAMBIENT.ES project","volume":"217","author":"Ca\u00f1as","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022848","article-title":"Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 \u03bcg per deciliter","volume":"348","author":"Canfield","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib8","series-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals - updated tables, august 2014","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib10","series-title":"Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals - Updated Tables, January 2019","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.03.006","article-title":"Examination of lead concentrations in new decorative enamel paints in four countries with different histories of activity in lead paint regulation","volume":"132","author":"Clark","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Lead industry life cycle studies: environmental impact and life cycle assessment of lead battery and architectural sheet production","author":"Davidson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Cycle Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1080\/10916466.2015.1050506","article-title":"Octane rating of gasoline and octane booster additives","volume":"33","author":"Demirbas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Petrol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib14","series-title":"List of MAK and BAT Values 2006. Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds at the Workplace","author":"Dfg","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib15","author":"Eckard"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.10.002","article-title":"Blood lead levels and risk factors in young children in France, 2008\u20132009","volume":"217","author":"Etchevers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib17","first-page":"1570","article-title":"Scientific opinion on lead in food","volume":"8","author":"European Food Safety Authority","year":"2010","journal-title":"EFSA Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0463-z","article-title":"Fetal exposure to mercury and lead from intrauterine blood transfusions","volume":"86","author":"Falck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.11.012","article-title":"Blood lead levels in the adult population living in France the French Nutrition and Health Survey (ENNS 2006\u20132007)","volume":"37","author":"Falq","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2017.01.007","article-title":"Human biomonitoring as a tool to support chemicals regulation in the European Union","volume":"220","author":"Ganzleben","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.08.012","article-title":"External quality assessment of human biomonitoring in the range of environmental exposure levels","volume":"215","author":"G\u00f6en","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.12.063","article-title":"Blood lead levels of children in Flint, Michigan: 2006-2016","volume":"197","author":"Gomez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00378687","article-title":"Influence of smoking and alcohol consumption on blood lead levels","volume":"48","author":"Grandjean","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(85)90142-1","article-title":"The combined effect of tobacco and alcohol consumption on the level of lead and cadmium in blood","volume":"41","author":"Grasmick","year":"1985","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib25","series-title":"Understanding How Low Levels of Early Lead Exposure Affect Children's Life-Trajectories","author":"Gr\u00f6nqvist","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib26","series-title":"Fourth Report on Human Biomonitoring of Environmental Chemicals in Canada: Results of the Canadian Health Measures Survey Cycle 4 (2014\u20132015)","first-page":"232","author":"Health Canada","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib27","series-title":"Fifth Report on Human Biomonitoring of Environmental Chemicals in Canada: Results of the Canadian Health Measures Survey Cycle 5 (2016\u20132017)","first-page":"429","author":"Health Canada","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0274(200009)38:3<244::AID-AJIM3>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Lead poisoning in a historical perspective","volume":"38","author":"Hernberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib29","series-title":"Estimation of average concentration in the presence of nondetectable values","first-page":"46","author":"Hornung","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib30","series-title":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk to Humans","author":"Iarc","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib31","series-title":"Inorganic and Organic Lead Compounds. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans","author":"Iarc","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2478\/s13382-011-0009-z","article-title":"Low-level environmental lead exposure and intellectual impairment in children \u2014 the current concepts of risk assessment","volume":"24","author":"Jakubowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.08.014","article-title":"Evidence that cognitive deficit in children is associated not only with iron deficiency, but also with blood lead concentration: a preliminary study","volume":"29","author":"Jeong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.08.010","article-title":"Harmonised human biomonitoring in Europe: activities towards an EU HBM framework","volume":"215","author":"Joas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00676924","article-title":"The environmental specimen banking project of the Federal Republic of Germany","volume":"1","author":"Kayser","year":"1982","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib36","article-title":"Environmental specimen banking","volume":"91","author":"Kemper","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(93)90004-P","article-title":"Human organ specimen banking \u2014 15 years of experience","volume":"139\u2013140","author":"Kemper","year":"1993","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2015.09.009","article-title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of state specific lead-based paint hazard risk reduction laws in preventing recurring incidences of lead poisoning in children","volume":"219","author":"Kennedy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.11.003","article-title":"Phthalate metabolites in 24-h urine samples of the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) from 1988 to 2015 and a comparison with US NHANES data from 1999 to 2012","volume":"220","author":"Koch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2011.10.013","article-title":"Environmental surveys, specimen bank and health related environmental monitoring in Germany","volume":"215","author":"Kolossa-Gehring","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib41","series-title":"Biomarkers and Human Biomonitoring: Volume 1","first-page":"16","article-title":"Health-related environmental monitoring in Germany: German environmental Survey (GerES) and environmental Specimen Bank (ESB)","author":"Kolossa-Gehring","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1007\/s00103-002-0466-4","article-title":"Addendum zur \u201eStoffmonographie Blei \u2013 referenz- und Human-Biomonitoring-Werte\u201c der Kommission \u201eHuman-Biomonitoring\u201c","volume":"45","author":"Kommission Human-Biomonitoring des Umweltbundesamtes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bundesgesundheitsblatt"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib43","series-title":"2nd Addendum to \"lead Monograph--reference--and \"human biomonitoring\" values of the \"Human Biomonitoring\"","first-page":"983","author":"Kommission Human-Biomonitoring des Umweltbundesamtes","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/115.6.521","article-title":"Cognitive deficits associated with blood lead concentrations <10 microg\/dL in US children and adolescents","volume":"115","author":"Lanphear","year":"2000","journal-title":"Publ. Health Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib45","article-title":"Prevention of childhood lead toxicity","volume":"138","author":"Lanphear","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30025-2","article-title":"Low-level lead exposure and mortality in US adults: a population-based cohort study","volume":"3","author":"Lanphear","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib47","author":"Lermen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105401","article-title":"A new approach to standardize multicenter studies: mobile lab technology for the German environmental Specimen Bank","volume":"9","author":"Lermen","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.04.108","article-title":"A study of the geographical shifts in global lead production \u2013 a possible corresponding shift in potential threats to the environment","volume":"107","author":"Lopez N","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2012.04.005","article-title":"Lead contamination in French children's homes and environment","volume":"116","author":"Lucas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(95)05010-8","article-title":"Cadmium levels in wine, beer and other alcoholic beverages: possible sources of contamination","volume":"181","author":"Mena","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(99)00164-3","article-title":"Factors affecting lead and cadmium levels in house dust in industrial areas of eastern Germany","volume":"234","author":"Meyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901561","article-title":"Maternal low-level lead exposure and fetal growth","volume":"118","author":"Motao Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.18.2155","article-title":"Continued decline in blood lead levels among adults in the United States: the national health and nutrition examination surveys","volume":"165","author":"Muntner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4215(00)00099-9","article-title":"United States experience with gasoline additives","volume":"29","author":"Nadim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Energy Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.07.005","article-title":"Benefits of cooperation among large-scale cohort studies and human biomonitoring projects in environmental health research: an exercise in blood lead analysis of the Environment and Child Health International Birth Cohort Group","volume":"222","author":"Nakayama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2014.09.005","article-title":"The influence of low level pre- and perinatal exposure to PCDD\/Fs, PCBs, and lead on attention performance and attention-related behavior among German school-aged children: results from the Duisburg Birth Cohort Study","volume":"218","author":"Neugebauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.06.130","article-title":"Cadmium and lead in vegetable and fruit produce selected from specific regional areas of the UK","volume":"533","author":"Norton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5620\/eht.e2017019","article-title":"Longitudinal trends of blood lead levels before and after leaded gasoline regulation in Korea","volume":"32","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2011.10.012","article-title":"Modification by the genes ALAD and VDR of lead-induced cognitive effects in children","volume":"33","author":"Pawlas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crte.2015.02.004","article-title":"Review of pollutant lead decline in urban air and human blood: a case study from northwestern Europe","volume":"347","author":"Petit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compt. Rendus Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8124","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b00791","article-title":"Evaluating water lead levels during the Flint water crisis","volume":"52","author":"Pieper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/19393210.2015.1099570","article-title":"Essential and toxic heavy metals in cereals and agricultural products marketed in Kermanshah, Iran, and human health risk assessment","volume":"9","author":"Pirsaheb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib64","article-title":"The influence of declining air lead levels on blood lead\u2013air lead slope factors in children","volume":"122","author":"Richmond-Bryant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Children's Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E213","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd10.130056","article-title":"Trends in tobacco smoke exposure and blood lead levels among youths and adults in the United States: the national health and nutrition examination Survey, 1999\u20132008","volume":"10","author":"Richter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s001289900105","article-title":"Effect of the reduction of petrol lead on blood lead levels of the population of Barcelona (Spain)","volume":"56","author":"Rodamilans","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib67","author":"Rudnai"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.12.002","article-title":"The European COPHES\/DEMOCOPHES project: towards transnational comparability and reliability of human biomonitoring results","volume":"217","author":"Schindler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib69","series-title":"The German Environmental Specimen Bank","first-page":"1","author":"Schr\u00f6ter-Kermani","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2017.01.012","article-title":"Human biomonitoring pilot study DEMOCOPHES in Germany: contribution to a harmonized European approach","volume":"220","author":"Schwedler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.284.6312.299","article-title":"Effects of alcohol and smoking on blood lead in middle-aged British men","volume":"284","author":"Shaper","year":"1982","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1515\/cipms-2017-0027","article-title":"Evaluation of cadmium, lead, zinc and copper levels in selected ecological cereal food products and their non-ecological counterparts","volume":"30","author":"Slepecka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Pharm. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.11.025","article-title":"Availability and comparability of human biomonitoring data across Europe: a case-study on blood-lead levels","volume":"408","author":"Smolders","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib74","series-title":"Environmental Specimen Banking and Monitoring as Related to Banking","first-page":"95","article-title":"Concept and operational experiences of the pilot environmental Specimen Bank program in the Federal Republic of Germany","author":"Stoeppler","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2008.03.007","article-title":"Yearly measurements of blood lead in Swedish children since 1978: the declining trend continues in the petrol-lead-free period 1995\u20132007","volume":"107","author":"Str\u00f6mberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117369","article-title":"Blood lead levels in relation to menopause, smoking, and pregnancy history","volume":"141","author":"Symanski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2014.04.020","article-title":"Sequential determination of lead and cobalt in tap water and foods samples by fluorescence","volume":"127","author":"Talio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3942","DOI":"10.1021\/es990231+","article-title":"Effects of reducing lead in Gasoline: an analysis of the international experience","volume":"33","author":"Thomas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib79","series-title":"Umweltprobenbank des Bundes - Verfahrensrichtlinien f\u00fcr Probenahme, Transport, Lagerung und chemische Charakterisierung von Umwelt- und Human-Organproben","author":"Umweltbundesamt","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib80","series-title":"Die Umweltprobenbank des Bundes - Konzeption","first-page":"27","author":"Umweltbundesamt","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2006.08.003","article-title":"Gender differences in the disposition and toxicity of metals","volume":"104","author":"Vahter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(03)00051-2","article-title":"Four decades of gasoline lead emissions and control policies in Europe: a retrospective assessment","volume":"311","author":"von Storch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.07.029","article-title":"Time trends and exposure determinants of lead and cadmium in the adult population of northern Sweden 1990\u20132014","volume":"159","author":"Wennberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/00039899709602892","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and smoking habits as determinants of blood lead levels in a national population sample from Germany","volume":"52","author":"Weyermann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.01.036","article-title":"The environmental Specimen Bank for human tissues as part of the German environmental Specimen Bank","volume":"210","author":"Wiesm\u00fcller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.01.037","article-title":"Internal phthalate exposure over the last two decades \u2013 a retrospective human biomonitoring study","volume":"210","author":"Wittassek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(97)89711-6","article-title":"Lead in the western North Atlantic Ocean: completed response to leaded gasoline phaseout","volume":"61","author":"Wu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Geochim. Comochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2012.12.013","article-title":"The effects of low-level prenatal lead exposure on birth outcomes","volume":"175","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126294","article-title":"Sex differences in the effects of lead exposure on growth and development in young children","volume":"250","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a154","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1001979","article-title":"Lead in drinking water as a public health challenge","volume":"118","author":"Zietz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1438463920306118?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1438463920306118?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T17:28:36Z","timestamp":1761413316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1438463920306118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":90,"alternative-id":["S1438463920306118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665","relation":{},"ISSN":["1438-4639"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-4639","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Long-term time trend of lead exposure in young German adults \u2013 Evaluation of more than 35\u00a0Years of data of the German Environmental Specimen Bank","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113665","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113665"}}