{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:03:17Z","timestamp":1792602197427,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T08:59:50Z","timestamp":1610441990000},"page":"113686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Proximity to traffic and exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in relation to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and conduct disorder in U.S. children"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"232","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6515-9640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephani S.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann M.","family":"Vuong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim N.","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9713-6438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aimin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628508","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/628508","article-title":"Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and attention\/deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning disability, and special education in U.S. children aged 6 to 15","volume":"2014","author":"Abid","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2013.07.006","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biomarkers and serum markers of inflammation. A positive association that is more evident in men","volume":"126","author":"Alshaarawy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib3","series-title":"Pediatric Environmental Health","author":"American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Environmental Health","year":"2012"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11177","article-title":"Association of environmental toxicants and conduct disorder in U.S. children: NHANES 2001-2004","volume":"116","author":"Braun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205940","article-title":"Associations between traffic-related black carbon exposure and attention in a prospective birth cohort of urban children","volume":"121","author":"Chiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2017.1417860","article-title":"Prevalence of parent-reported ADHD diagnosis and associated treatment among U.S. Children and adolescents, 2016","volume":"47","author":"Danielson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901070","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and children's intelligence at age 5 in a prospective cohort study in Poland","volume":"118","author":"Edwards","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409449","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution, noise at school, and behavioral problems in barcelona schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study","volume":"124","author":"Forns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1054","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0738","article-title":"Association of tobacco and lead exposures with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"124","author":"Froehlich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.10.017","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and hyperactivity\/inattention, dyslexia and dyscalculia in adolescents of the German GINIplus and LISAplus birth cohorts","volume":"97","author":"Fuertes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2014.58","article-title":"Exposure to air pollution from traffic and neurodevelopmental disorders in Swedish twins","volume":"17","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Twin Res. Hum. Genet."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104056","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts, and genomic DNA methylation in cord blood","volume":"120","author":"Herbstman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.06.035","article-title":"Urinary t,t-muconic acid as a proxy-biomarker of car exhaust and neurobehavioral performance in 15-year olds","volume":"151","author":"Kicinski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5744","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0606094","article-title":"Measurement of urinary monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using automated liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography\/isotope dilution high-resolution mass spectrometry","volume":"78","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1039\/c000689k","article-title":"Assessment of non-occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through personal air sampling and urinary biomonitoring","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Environ. Monit."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1021\/tx300108e","article-title":"Excretion profiles and half-lives of ten urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites after dietary exposure","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2598","article-title":"Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders among US children in the 2001-2004 NHANES","volume":"125","author":"Merikangas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.11.022","article-title":"Exposure to ambient PM10 and NO2 and the incidence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood","volume":"99","author":"Min","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.04.011","article-title":"Effect of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on basal ganglia and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in primary school children","volume":"105","author":"Mortamais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.01.083","article-title":"Metabolism and excretion rates of parent and hydroxy-PAHs in urine collected after consumption of traditionally smoked salmon for Native American volunteers","volume":"514","author":"Motorykin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.03.015","article-title":"Early life exposure to air pollution particulate matter (PM) as risk factor for attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): need for novel strategies for mechanisms and causalities","volume":"354","author":"Myhre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1205555","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution exposure in the first year of life and behavioral scores at 7 years of age","volume":"121","author":"Newman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib23","series-title":"ATSDR","article-title":"Toxicological Profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib24","series-title":"Toxicological Profile for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)","year":"1995"},{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Linkage of the 1999-2008 national health and nutrition examination surveys to traffic indicators from the national highway planning Network","author":"Parker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Natl Health Stat Report"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e195","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3506","article-title":"Prenatal airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and child IQ at age 5 years","volume":"124","author":"Perera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4488","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004488","article-title":"Relation of DNA methylation of 5'-CpG island of ACSL3 to transplacental exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and childhood asthma","volume":"4","author":"Perera","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2011.12.011","article-title":"Effects of prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and environmental tobacco smoke on child IQ in a Chinese cohort","volume":"114","author":"Perera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104315","article-title":"Prenatal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure and child behavior at age 6-7 years","volume":"120","author":"Perera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.09.002","article-title":"Combined effects of prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and material hardship on child ADHD behavior problems","volume":"160","author":"Perera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.57","article-title":"Effects of prenatal exposure to air pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) on the development of brain white matter, cognition, and behavior in later childhood","volume":"72","author":"Peterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.05.009","article-title":"The association between exposure to environmental factors and the occurrence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A population-based retrospective cohort study","volume":"166","author":"Saez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-010-1379-0","article-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children chronically exposed to high level of vehicular pollution","volume":"170","author":"Siddique","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib34","series-title":"Current Population Survey 1948-2016","author":"United States Census Bureau","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1080\/02772240903503898","article-title":"Distribution of benzo[a]pyrene in discrete regions of rat brain tissue using light microscopic autoradiography and gamma counting","volume":"92","author":"Yan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Environ. Chem."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686_bib36","first-page":"537","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review","volume":"3","author":"Zedeck","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1438463920306325?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1438463920306325?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T17:29:29Z","timestamp":1761413369000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1438463920306325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S1438463920306325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686","relation":{},"ISSN":["1438-4639"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1438-4639","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Proximity to traffic and exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in relation to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and conduct disorder in U.S. children","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2020.113686","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113686"}}