{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T13:02:59Z","timestamp":1792242179252,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,1]],"date-time":"2006-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1146441600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,16]],"date-time":"2013-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1373932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2633,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,19]],"date-time":"2006-01-19T19:07:22Z","timestamp":1137697642000},"page":"206-214","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["DNA examination of ancient dental pulp incriminates typhoid fever as a probable cause of the Plague of Athens"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Manolis J.","family":"Papagrigorakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Yapijakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippos N.","family":"Synodinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Effie","family":"Baziotopoulou-Valavani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War. Books I & II, \u00a72.47\u201355. London: Harvard University Press; 1919. 341\u201359.","DOI":"10.4159\/DLCL.thucydides-history_peloponnesian_war.1919"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1017\/S0009838800003050","article-title":"Thucydides\u2019 description of the great plague","volume":"3","author":"Page","year":"1953","journal-title":"Classical Quart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(03)00100-4","article-title":"The cause of the plague of Athens: plague, typhoid, typhus, smallpox or measles?","volume":"18","author":"Cunha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib4","first-page":"4","article-title":"The Athenian plague: a possible diagnosis","volume":"2","author":"Scarrow","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ancient Hist Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0202.960220","article-title":"The Thucydides syndrome: Ebola deja vu? (or Ebola reemergent?)","volume":"2","author":"Olson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0401.980127","article-title":"Ebola\/Athens revisited","volume":"4","author":"Olson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7054.430","article-title":"Ebola in Greece?","volume":"313","author":"Dixon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5291.1307","article-title":"Athenian plague probe","volume":"274","author":"Holden","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib9","first-page":"585","volume":"Vol. 3","author":"Weiss","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00521-0","article-title":"Hellenic holocaust: a historical clinico-pathologic conference","volume":"109","author":"Durack","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib11","first-page":"713","article-title":"The plague of Athens","volume":"85","author":"McSherry","year":"1992","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.1.35","article-title":"Yersinia pestis: the agent of the plague","volume":"10","author":"Perry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198610303151823","article-title":"The Thucydides syndrome: another view","volume":"15","author":"Holladay","year":"1986","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198510173131618","article-title":"The Thucydides syndrome: a new hypothesis for the cause of the plague of Athens","volume":"313","author":"Langmuir","year":"1985","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib15","first-page":"261","article-title":"The Athenian plague: smallpox","volume":"100","author":"Littman","year":"1969","journal-title":"Trans Am Philol Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib16","first-page":"1","article-title":"The plague of Athens","volume":"24","author":"Shrewsbury","year":"1950","journal-title":"Bull Hist Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1177\/007327538001800303","article-title":"The great plague of Athens","volume":"18","author":"Longrigg","year":"1980","journal-title":"Hist Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(03)00101-6","article-title":"Impact of the plague in Ancient Greece","volume":"18","author":"Soupios","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib19","unstructured":"Baziotopoulou-Valavani E. A mass burial from the cemetery of Kerameikos. In: Stamatopoulou, M., Yeroulanou, M., editors. Excavating Classical Culture. Recent Archaeological Discoveries in Greece. Studies in Classical Archaeology I. BAR International Series 1031. Oxford, England: Archaeopress; 2002. p. 187\u2013201."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib20","first-page":"619","article-title":"Old dental pulp points to plague","volume":"282","author":"Holden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science (Random Samples)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib21","first-page":"1111","article-title":"Typhus reemerges as plague suspect","volume":"283","author":"Holden","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science (Random Samples)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.6.1939","article-title":"Ancient DNA: extraction, characterization, molecular cloning and enzymatic amplification","volume":"86","author":"P\u00e4\u00e4bo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5307.1793","article-title":"Initial genetic characterisation of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus","volume":"275","author":"Taunbenberger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1006\/jasc.1996.0073","article-title":"Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterial DNA in medieval skeletal remains using polymerase chain reaction","volume":"23","author":"Taylor","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Archeol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1099\/13500872-145-4-899","article-title":"Genotypic analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from medieval human remains","volume":"145","author":"Taylor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)65185-9","article-title":"Molecular evidence for tuberculosis in ancient Egyptian mummy","volume":"350","author":"Nerlich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1086\/315151","article-title":"Identification of Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum in a 200-year-old skeletal specimen","volume":"180","author":"Kolman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12637","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.21.12637","article-title":"Detection of 400-year-old Yersinia pestis DNA in human dental pulp: an approach to the diagnosis of ancient septicemia","volume":"11","author":"Drancourt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1999.0343","article-title":"Detection of Coxiella burnetti DNA in dental pulp during experimental bacteremia","volume":"28","author":"Aboudharam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12800","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.220225197","article-title":"Molecular identification by suicide PCR of Yersinia pestis as the agent of medieval black death","volume":"23","author":"Raoult","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(01)01515-5","article-title":"Molecular insights into the history of plague","volume":"4","author":"Drancourt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01395.x","article-title":"A simple and sensitive detection system for Bacillus anthracis in meat and tissue","volume":"91","author":"Cheun","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.8.2069-2076.1995","article-title":"PCR strategy for identification and differentiation of smallpox and other orthopoxviruses","volume":"8","author":"Ropp","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.7.1797-1803.1995","article-title":"Differentiation of Bartonella-like isolates at the species level by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism in the citrate synthase gene","volume":"7","author":"Norman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5759","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.10.5759-5769.2002","article-title":"Characterization of a pore-forming cytotoxin expressed by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A","volume":"10","author":"Oscarsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.1997.tb02548.x","article-title":"Factor V Leiden (R506Q) and risk of venous thromboembolism: a case-control study based on the Spanish population","volume":"52","author":"Garcia-Gala","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1038\/35101607","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of a multiple drug resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi CT18","volume":"413","author":"Parkhill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.185.7.2330-2337.2003","article-title":"Comparative genomics of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Strains Ty2 and CT18","volume":"185","author":"Deng","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/35101614","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2","volume":"413","author":"McClelland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01625165","article-title":"Application of DNA techniques for identification using human dental pulp as a source of DNA","volume":"105","author":"Potsch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26594-0","article-title":"Absence of Yersinia pestis specific DNA in human teeth from five European excavations of putative plague victims","volume":"150","author":"Gilbert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26885-0","article-title":"Molecular detection of Yersinia pestis in dental pulp","volume":"150","author":"Drancourt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(91)90284-J","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus infection of fibroblasts of dental pulp in seropositive patients","volume":"71","author":"Glick","year":"1991","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5482.1139b","article-title":"Ancient DNA: do it right or not at all","volume":"289","author":"Cooper","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2004.01.006","article-title":"Infectious diarrhea in history","volume":"18","author":"Lim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020201","article-title":"Typhoid fever","volume":"347","author":"Parry","year":"2002","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971205001785?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971205001785?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,12]],"date-time":"2020-04-12T05:42:18Z","timestamp":1586670138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971205001785"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S1201971205001785"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.09.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,5]]}}}