{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:30:06Z","timestamp":1791232206189,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,1]],"date-time":"2010-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283299200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]],"date-time":"2013-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1086,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,17]],"date-time":"2010-03-17T05:18:31Z","timestamp":1268803111000},"page":"e93-e99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"special_numbering":"S3","title":["Burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in a densely populated urban community, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Aliya","family":"Naheed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavani K.","family":"Ram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Abdullah","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Anowar","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele B.","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaisar Ali","family":"Talukder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Mintz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Luby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert F.","family":"Breiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib1","first-page":"346","article-title":"The global burden of typhoid fever","volume":"82","author":"Crump","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)09001-1","article-title":"Typhoid fever in children aged less than 5 years","volume":"354","author":"Sinha","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1102.040422","article-title":"Bacteremic typhoid fever in children in an urban slum","volume":"11","author":"Brooks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.644","article-title":"The epidemiology of typhoid fever in the Dong Thap Province, Mekong Delta region of Vietnam","volume":"62","author":"Lin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parry CM, Hien TT, Dougan G, White NJ, Farrar J. Typhoid fever. N Engl J Med 2002; 28:347:1770\u201382.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020201"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4315","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00294-07","article-title":"Antimicrobial drug resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Asia and molecular mechanism of reduced susceptibility to the fluoroquinolones","volume":"51","author":"Chau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2003.10.014","article-title":"The treatment of multidrug-resistant and nalidixic acid-resistant typhoid fever in Viet Nam","volume":"98","author":"Parry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-4-36","article-title":"Suboptimal clinical response to ciprofloxacin in patients with enteric fever due to Salmonella spp with reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility: a case series","volume":"4","author":"Slinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib9","unstructured":"Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2008; 83:49-59."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1111.050168","article-title":"Salmonella paratyphi A rates","volume":"11","author":"Ochiai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Asia. Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.25182","article-title":"Treatment of enteric fever in children on the basis of current trends of antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A","volume":"24","author":"Manchanda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib12","first-page":"1038","article-title":"Changing trends in drug resistance among typhoid salmonellae in Rawalpindi, Pakistan","volume":"11","author":"Butt","year":"2005","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.10.003","article-title":"Emerging trends in enteric fever in Nepal: 9124 cases confirmed by blood culture 1993-2003","volume":"102","author":"Maskey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.05.009","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella typhi and S. paratyphi A in Bangalore","volume":"101","author":"Joshi","year":"2007","journal-title":"India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.31077","article-title":"A sudden rise in occurrence of Salmonella paratyphi A infection in Rourkela Orissa","volume":"25","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2005.10.016","article-title":"Decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and gyrA gene mutation in the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A isolated in Katmandu, Nepal, in 2003","volume":"54","author":"Shirakawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1258\/td.2007.070271","article-title":"Epidemiological shift, seasonal variation and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among enteric fever pathogens in South India","volume":"38","author":"Vidyalakshmi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1086\/587894","article-title":"Laboratory-based surveillance of paratyphoid fever in the United States: travel and antimicrobial resistance","volume":"46","author":"Gupta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.06.039818","article-title":"A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: disease burden and implications for control","volume":"86","author":"Ochiai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.03.018","article-title":"Clinical value of Tubex\u2122 and Typhidot\u00ae rapid diagnostic tests for typhoid fever in an urban community clinic in Bangladesh","volume":"61","author":"Naheed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib21","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests. M2-A9. Approved standard, 9th ed. Wayne, PA: CLSI; 2006."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.3.1205-1209.2005","article-title":"Analysis of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns associated with international travel","volume":"43","author":"Kubota","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2006.3.59","article-title":"Standardization of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols for the subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella for PulseNet","volume":"3","author":"Ribot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib24","series-title":"Epidemiology","author":"Gordis","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib25","series-title":"Epidemiology: beyond the basics","author":"Szklo","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/13.5.832","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant typhoid in children: presentation and clinical features","volume":"13","author":"Bhutta","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2003.12.002","article-title":"Treatment failure in typhoid fever with ciprofloxacin susceptible Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi","volume":"49","author":"Rupali","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-289","article-title":"Comparisons of predictors for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Kolkata, India","volume":"7","author":"Sur","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.05.023630","article-title":"Enhanced disease surveillance through private health care sector cooperation in Karachi, Pakistan: experience from a vaccine trial","volume":"84","author":"Khan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01474.x","article-title":"Risk-factors for gastrointestinal colonisation with resistant Enterobacteriaceae among hospitalised patients: a prospective study","volume":"12","author":"Lepelletier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115208","article-title":"Emergence of highly trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole-resistant Shigella in a Native American population: an epidemiologic study","volume":"129","author":"Griffin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.1999.10128.x","article-title":"Trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole resistance among urinary coliform isolates","volume":"14","author":"Wright","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.4.1449-1452.2000","article-title":"Analysis of plasmid and chromosomal DNA of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi from Asia","volume":"38","author":"Mirza","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(00)90108-5","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serotype typhi are genetically homogenous and coexist with antibiotic-sensitive strains as distinct, independent clones","volume":"4","author":"Thong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.7.3094-3099.2004","article-title":"Endemic, epidemic clone of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi harboring a single multidrug-resistant plasmid in Vietnam between 1995 and 2002","volume":"42","author":"Le","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2006.59","article-title":"Molecular characterization of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis in Hong Kong, 2000-2004","volume":"4","author":"Kam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3811","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01197-06","article-title":"Molecular basis of resistance displayed by highly ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Bangladesh","volume":"44","author":"Saha","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3516","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00667-06","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar typhi isolates with high-level resistance to ciprofloxacin in Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"50","author":"Ahmed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.09.012","article-title":"Identification of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever cases at presentation in outpatient clinics in Jakarta, Indonesia","volume":"99","author":"Vollaard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1086\/503033","article-title":"Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A and S. enterica serovar Typhi cause indistinguishable clinical syndromes in Kathmandu, Nepal","volume":"42","author":"Maskey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46375-0","article-title":"Invasive multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in Africa: zoonotic or anthroponotic transmission?","volume":"55","author":"Kariuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2004.08.015","article-title":"Increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant non-typhoidal salmonellae, Kenya, 1994-2003","volume":"25","author":"Kariuki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib43","first-page":"1513","article-title":"A common-source water-borne outbreak of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in a rural Thai community","volume":"84","author":"Swaddiwudhipong","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/18.1.254","article-title":"Community-wide epidemiological investigation of a typhoid outbreak in a rural township in Taiwan, Republic of China","volume":"18","author":"King","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00734.x","article-title":"Poor food hygiene and housing as risk factors for typhoid fever in Semarang, Indonesia","volume":"6","author":"Gasem","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268897008558","article-title":"Risk factors for typhoid fever in an endemic setting, Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"120","author":"Luby","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1086\/314766","article-title":"A massive epidemic of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in Tajikistan associated with consumption of municipal water","volume":"179","author":"Mermin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1086\/345762","article-title":"Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and increased risk of typhoid fever","volume":"186","author":"Bhan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806007114","article-title":"Risk factors for typhoid fever in a slum in Dhaka, Bangladesh","volume":"135","author":"Ram","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.44.3.258","article-title":"Comparative yield of Salmonella typhi from blood and bone marrow cultures in patients with fever of unknown origin","volume":"44","author":"Farooqui","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-51-2-173","article-title":"Evaluation of a simple and rapid dipstick assay for the diagnosis of typhoid fever in Indonesia","volume":"51","author":"Gasem","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)92194-7","article-title":"Relative efficacy of blood, urine, rectal swab, bone-marrow, and rose-spot cultures for recovery of Salmonella typhi in typhoid fever","volume":"1","author":"Gilman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971210022800?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971210022800?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,2]],"date-time":"2020-06-02T22:57:32Z","timestamp":1591138652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971210022800"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S1201971210022800"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.11.023","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,9]]}}}