{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T08:03:36Z","timestamp":1767859416890,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,13]],"date-time":"2012-11-13T03:19:39Z","timestamp":1352776779000},"page":"e54-e58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Is hepatitis B virus transmitted via the male germ line? A seroepidemiological study in fetuses"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Qun-Xi","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi-Yang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2007.01.013","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01060.x","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection in 6,130 unvaccinated Korean-Americans surveyed between 1988 and 1990","volume":"102","author":"Hann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890160109","article-title":"Presence of HBV DNA in spermatozoa: a possible vertical transmission of HBV via germ line","volume":"16","author":"Hadchouel","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0020","first-page":"209","article-title":"Studies on the integration of hepatitis B virus DNA sequence in human sperm chromosomes","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v9.i4.736","article-title":"Effects of hepatitis B virus infection on human sperm chromosomes","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.20185","article-title":"Detection and expression of hepatitis B virus X gene in one and two-cell embryos from golden hamster oocytes in vitro fertilized with human spermatozoa carrying HBV DNA","volume":"70","author":"Ali","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2006.00141.x","article-title":"Expression of hepatitis B virus genes in early embryonic cells originated from hamster ova and human spermatozoa transfected with the complete viral genome","volume":"8","author":"Ali","year":"2006","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2008.03.014","article-title":"An improved experimental model for studying vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus via human spermatozoa","volume":"151","author":"Ahmed","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0045","first-page":"106","article-title":"Identification of hepatitis B virus vertical transmission from father to fetus by direct sequencing","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.117968","article-title":"Role of placental tissues in the intrauterine transmission of hepatitis B virus","volume":"185","author":"Xu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.2187","article-title":"Risk factors and mechanism of transplacental transmission of hepatitis B virus: a case\u2013control study","volume":"67","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i3.437","article-title":"Mechanism of intrauterine infection of hepatitis B virus","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840150505","article-title":"Cellular immune response to HBcAg in mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis B virus","volume":"15","author":"Hsu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80210-X","article-title":"Transplacental leakage of HBeAg-positive maternal blood as the most likely route in causing intrauterine infection with hepatitis B virus","volume":"111","author":"Lin","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)90021-7","article-title":"Infection of the fetus with hepatitis B e antigen via the placenta","volume":"355","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10493","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of HBV DNA level and HBeAg titer in hepatitis B surface antigen positive mothers and their babies: HBeAg passage through the placenta and the rate of decay in babies","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i23.3582","article-title":"Transformation of hepatitis B serologic markers in babies born to hepatitis B surface antigen positive mothers","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.114866","article-title":"The presence of hepatitis B surface antigen and deoxyribonucleic acid in amniotic fluid and cord blood","volume":"184","author":"Towers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)30211-0","article-title":"Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Amniocentesis and women with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"25","author":"Davies","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02390671","article-title":"Amniocentesis in mothers who are hepatitis B virus carriers does not expose the infant to an increased risk of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"255","author":"Ko","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970140707","article-title":"Early invasive prenatal diagnosis in HBsAg-positive women","volume":"14","author":"Grosheide","year":"1994","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1155\/S1064744999000526","article-title":"Risk of hepatitis B transmission after amniocentesis in chronic hepatitis B carriers","volume":"7","author":"Alexander","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0115","first-page":"84","article-title":"Seroepidemiological study on hepatitis B in Chinese children","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Vaccines and Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0120","series-title":"The developing human: clinically oriented embryology","first-page":"211","article-title":"The digestive system","author":"Moore","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0125","first-page":"21","article-title":"Susceptibility change to HBV in primary culture of first trimester human fetal hepatocytes","volume":"12","author":"Tang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1980.tb04458.x","article-title":"Transmission of hepatitis B antigens from symptom free carrier mothers to the fetus and the infant","volume":"87","author":"Wong","year":"1980","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00168-10","article-title":"Does hepatitis B virus prenatal transmission result in postnatal immunoprophylaxis failure?","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.24.7.618","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus DNA in children's liver diseases: detection by blot hybridisation in liver and serum","volume":"24","author":"Scotto","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)92388-2","article-title":"Prevention of the HBsAg carrier state in infants of mothers who are chronic carriers of HBsAg and HBeAg by administration of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin","volume":"28","author":"Wong","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971212012489?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971212012489?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]],"date-time":"2019-07-05T15:12:52Z","timestamp":1562339572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971212012489"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1201971212012489"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.09.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}}}