{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:28:25Z","timestamp":1790814505475,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,23]],"date-time":"2019-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"World Health Organisation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ijidonline.com","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.com.au","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,27]],"date-time":"2019-07-27T01:44:58Z","timestamp":1564191898000},"page":"119-125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Zimbabwe: A health facility-based cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"87","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0997-9799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Collins","family":"Timire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Z.","family":"Metcalfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joconiah","family":"Chirenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerod N.","family":"Scholten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Manyame-Murwira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mkhokheli","family":"Ngwenya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronnie","family":"Matambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin","family":"Charambira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herbert","family":"Mutunzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Kalisvaart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0264-7900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Sandy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801610010113","article-title":"Molecular identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria in humans in Zimbabwe Using 16S ribosequencing","volume":"10","author":"Chin\u2019ombe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Microbiol J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2014.934266","article-title":"Preferential adherence to antiretroviral therapy over tuberculosis (TB) treatment: a qualitative study of drug\u2013resistant TB\/HIV co-infected patients in South Africa","volume":"9","author":"Daftary","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"9267","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04639-0","article-title":"Deaths from tuberculosis in Sub-Saharan African countries with a high prevalence of HIV-1","volume":"357","author":"Harries","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30222-6","article-title":"Prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis and imputed burden in South Africa: a national and sub-national cross-sectional survey","volume":"18","author":"Ismail","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1614-8","article-title":"Variation and risk factors of drug resistant tuberculosis in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Lukoye","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133808","article-title":"Antituberculosis drug resistance survey in Lesotho, 2008\u20132009: lessons learned","volume":"10","author":"Maama-Maime","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30246-3","article-title":"Drug-resistant tuberculosis threatens WHO\u2019s end-TB strategy","volume":"17","author":"Mariandyshev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.13.0749","article-title":"Increase in anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in Botswana: results from the fourth national drug resistance survey","volume":"18","author":"Menzies","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2001.130732","article-title":"Drug-resistant tuberculosis in high-risk groups, Zimbabwe","volume":"20","author":"Metcalfe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"January","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-18","article-title":"Rifampicin mono-resistant tuberculosis in France: a 2005\u20132010 retrospective cohort analysis","volume":"14","author":"Meyssonnier","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0055","series-title":"Zimbabwe national population-based tuberculosis prevalence survey","author":"Ministry of Health and Child Care","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0060","series-title":"Namibia national tuberculosis drug resistance survey (2008\u20132009)","author":"Ministry of Health and Social Services: National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0065","first-page":"106","article-title":"Drug-resistant tuberculosis in Africa","author":"Mwinga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0070","series-title":"South African tuberculosis drug resistance survey 2012\u201314","author":"National Institute for Communicable Diseases","year":"2014"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.6.9712009","article-title":"Risk factors for rifampin mono-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"157","author":"Ridzon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.1996.tb00100.x","article-title":"The 5-year outcome of multidrug resistant tuberculosis patients in the Cape Province of South Africa","volume":"1","author":"Schaaf","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0085","series-title":"Mycobacteriology laboratory manual","author":"Stop TB Partnership","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0090","series-title":"The paradigm shift 2016\u20132020: global plan to end TB","author":"STOP TB Partnership","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.18.0051","article-title":"Scaling up isoniazid preventive therapy in Zimbabwe: has operational research influenced policy and practice?","volume":"8","author":"Takarinda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Action"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.16.0102","article-title":"Routine implementation of isoniazid preventive therapy in HIV-infected patients in seven pilot sites in Zimbabwe","volume":"7","author":"Takarinda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Action"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30247-0","article-title":"Drug-resistant tuberculosis: the rise of the monos","volume":"18","author":"Variava","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152933","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and treatment outcomes of isoniazid- and rifampicin-mono-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis in Lima, Peru","volume":"11","author":"Villegas","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0115","series-title":"Guidelines for surveillance of drug resistance in tuberculosis","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0120","series-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2015","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0125","series-title":"Global TB report 2016","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0130","series-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2017","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0135","series-title":"Guidelines for surveillance of drug resistance in tuberculosis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117361","article-title":"The burden of MDR\/XDR tuberculosis in coastal plains population of China","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971219303066?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971219303066?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,9]],"date-time":"2019-10-09T10:41:49Z","timestamp":1570617709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971219303066"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"references-count":28,"alternative-id":["S1201971219303066"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Zimbabwe: A health facility-based cross-sectional survey","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.021","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}