{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T06:49:20Z","timestamp":1787986160752,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013987","name":"Government of the Republic of Kenya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013987","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,12]],"date-time":"2020-02-12T17:21:53Z","timestamp":1581528113000},"page":"359-366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Disease burden and risk factors of diarrhoea in children under five years: Evidence from Kenya\u2019s demographic health survey 2014"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Diana Mutuku","family":"Mulatya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0005","article-title":"Interventions to improve water quality and supply, sanitation and hygiene practices, and their effects on the nutritional status of children (Review)","author":"Ad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0010","series-title":"Kenya Economic report 2016","article-title":"Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA)","author":"Anon","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-016-0052-2","article-title":"Childhood diarrhea in high and low hotspot districts of Amhara Region, northwest Ethiopia: a multilevel modeling","volume":"35","author":"Azage","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186933","article-title":"Effect of climatic variability on childhood diarrhea and its high risk periods in northwestern parts of Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Azage","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.4236\/ojpm.2013.37060","article-title":"Prevalence of diarrhea and associated risk factors among children under-five years of age in Eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"3","author":"Bezatu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open J Prev Med"},{"issue":"9890","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60996-4","article-title":"Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?","volume":"382","author":"Bhutta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9608","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61690-0","article-title":"Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences","volume":"371","author":"Black","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-016-0006-9","article-title":"Eco-social and behavioural determinants of diarrhoea in under-five children of Nepal: a framework analysis of the existing literature","volume":"44","author":"Budhathoki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-015-0005-1","article-title":"Reducing the burden of diarrhea among children under five years old: lessons learned from oral rehydration therapy corner program implementation in Northern Nigeria","volume":"34","author":"Charyeva","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Heal Popul Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyn099","article-title":"Multi-country analysis of the effects of diarrhoea on childhood stunting","volume":"37","author":"Checkley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9876","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60319-0","article-title":"Ending of preventable deaths from pneumonia and diarrhoea: an achievable goal","volume":"381","author":"Chopra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e645","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70307-9","article-title":"Effectiveness of a rural sanitation programme on diarrhoea, soil-transmitted helminth infection, and child malnutrition in Odisha, India: a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"2","author":"Clasen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0065","first-page":"1","article-title":"Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea","author":"Clasen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2017.28.109.8152","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of diarrhoea among infants in selected primary health centres in Kaduna north local government area, nigeria","volume":"28","author":"Dairo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0075","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hand washing promotion for preventing diarrhoea","author":"Ejemot-Nwadiaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016085","article-title":"the burden of common infectious disease syndromes at the clinic and household level from population-based surveillance in rural and urban Kenya","volume":"6","author":"Feikin","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0085","series-title":"I for HM and E. National health accounts","author":"IHME","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0090","series-title":"Kenya demographic and health survey (KDHS)","first-page":"2015","author":"Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) and ICF International","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e302","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30490-4","article-title":"Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Bangladesh: a cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Luby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0100","article-title":"Maternal and child health among the urban poor in Nairobi","volume":"B","author":"Magadi","year":"2000","journal-title":"African Popul Stud Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0105","series-title":"Etude La Popul Africaine","article-title":"Maternal and child health among the urban poor in Nairobi, Kenya","author":"Magadi","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-567","article-title":"Risk factors for contracting watery diarrhoea in Kadoma City, Zimbabwe, 2011: a case control study","volume":"13","author":"Maponga","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0115","article-title":"Suplementasi vitamin A bagi ibu post partum dan bayi. Oksitosin","volume":"6","author":"Maryani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ilm Kebidanan"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0120","series-title":"Kenya national health accounts","author":"Ministry of Health","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009263","article-title":"Risk factors for diarrheal disease incidence in early childhood: a community cohort study from Guinea-Bissau","volume":"146","author":"M\u00f8lbak","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.044545","article-title":"Equity and child-survival strategies","volume":"86","author":"Mulholland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0135","series-title":"Kenya aids indicator survey, 2018","author":"NASCOP","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3421-2","article-title":"Effect of eliminating open defecation on diarrhoeal morbidity: an ecological study of Nyando and Nambale sub-counties, Kenya","volume":"16","author":"Njuguna","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0145","first-page":"35","article-title":"Diarrhoea and malnutrition among children in a Kenyan District: a correlational study","volume":"10","author":"Njuguna","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Rural Trop Public Heal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171792","article-title":"Infant feeding practices and diarrhoea in sub-Saharan African countries with high diarrhoea mortality","volume":"12","author":"Ogbo","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30268-2","article-title":"The WASH Benefits and SHINE trials: interpretation of WASH intervention effects on linear growth and diarrhoea","volume":"7","author":"Pickering","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0160","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ending preventable child deaths from pneumonia and diarrhoea by 2025: the integrated global action plan for pneumonia and diarrhoea (GAPPD)","author":"Qazi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.074260","article-title":"How protective is breast feeding against diarrhoeal disease in infants in 1990s England? A case-control study","volume":"91","author":"Quigley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"suppl._4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S317","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis763","article-title":"Exploring household economic impacts of childhood diarrheal illnesses in 3 African settings","volume":"55","author":"Rheingans","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0175","first-page":"1046","article-title":"Determinants of diarrhea among young children under the age of five in kenya, evidence from kdhs 2008-09","volume":"28","author":"Samwel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Etude la Popul Africaine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328349287d","article-title":"Interactions of diarrhea, pneumonia, and malnutrition in childhood: recent evidence from developing countries","volume":"24","author":"Schlaudecker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-102","article-title":"Determinants of childhood diarrhea among underfive children in Benishangul Gumuz Regional State, North West Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Sinmegn Mihrete","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30025-7","article-title":"Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on child development in rural Kenya (WASH Benefits Kenya): a cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"2","author":"Stewart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036436","article-title":"Risk factors for extended duration of acute diarrhea in young children","volume":"7","author":"Strand","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0323-1","article-title":"Prevalence of diarrhoea and risk factors among children under five years old in Mbour, Senegal: a cross-sectional study","volume":"6","author":"Thiam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30276-1","article-title":"Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"17","author":"Troeger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.06.001","article-title":"Diarrhea in children less than two years of age with known HIV status in Kisumu, Kenya","volume":"14","author":"van Eijk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9718","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61798-0","article-title":"Diarrhoea: why children are still dying and what can be done","volume":"375","author":"Wardlaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0220","series-title":"Economic impacts of poor sanitation in Africa: Kenya","author":"Water and Sanitation Programme (WSP)","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0225","series-title":"The Abuja declaration: ten years on","first-page":"1","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003_bib0230","series-title":"Diarrhea disease key facts","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971220300618?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971220300618?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T07:52:01Z","timestamp":1761119521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971220300618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S1201971220300618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Disease burden and risk factors of diarrhoea in children under five years: Evidence from Kenya\u2019s demographic health survey 2014","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}