{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T05:12:45Z","timestamp":1773897165263,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]],"date-time":"2020-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T13:44:54Z","timestamp":1587735894000},"page":"112-118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Diagnosis and treatment outcomes of adult tuberculosis in an urban setting with high HIV prevalence in Sierra Leone: A retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"96","author":[{"given":"Sulaiman","family":"Lakoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darlinda F.","family":"Jiba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olukemi","family":"Adekanmbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Poveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Foday","family":"Sahr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gibrilla F.","family":"Deen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynda M.","family":"Foray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wadzani","family":"Gashau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Salata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George A.","family":"Yendewa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0005","series-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2018","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0010","series-title":"The End TB Strategy","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0015","series-title":"Sustainable Development Goals","author":"United Nations","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0020","series-title":"Global TB Report Annex 2-Country profiles for 30 high TB burden countries","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0025","series-title":"Audit Report: Global Fund Grants to the Republic of Sierra Leone","author":"The Global Fund","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.16.0093","article-title":"The influence of the Ebola outbreak on presumptive and active tuberculosis in Bombali District","volume":"7","author":"Bah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sierra Leone. Public Health Action"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.10.010","article-title":"Impact of infectious disease epidemics on tuberculosis diagnostic, management, and prevention services: experiences and lessons from the 2014-2015 Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa","volume":"56","author":"Ansumana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0040","first-page":"105","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS in Sierra Leone: Characterizing the Hidden Epidemic","volume":"20","author":"Yendewa","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofy208","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy208","article-title":"High prevalence of late-stage disease in newly diagnosed HIV patients in Sierra Leone","volume":"5","author":"Yendewa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7614-3","article-title":"Causes of hospitalization and predictors of HIV-associated in-hospital mortality in Sierra Leone: A Prospective Study","volume":"19","author":"Lakoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0055","first-page":"629","article-title":"Low partner testing in high HIV prevalence setting in Freetown","volume":"12","author":"Lakoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sierra Leone: a retrospective study. BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.03.018","article-title":"Bundling HIV and TB Care at a District-Level Center in Sierra Leone: A high-yield method for diagnosing co-infection with TB and antiretroviral treatment failure among people living with HIV","volume":"82","author":"Oxner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0065","series-title":"Definitions and reporting framework for tuberculosis 2013 revision (updated December 2014)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0070","series-title":"WHO policy on collaborative TB\/HIV activities Guidelines for national programmes and other stakeholders","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199310000-00007","article-title":"A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients","volume":"7","author":"Guelar","year":"1993","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0080","first-page":"143","article-title":"Risk factors for tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons. A prospective cohort study","volume":"274","author":"Antonucci","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Gruppo Italiano di Studio Tubercolosi e AIDS (GISTA). JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0085","series-title":"HIV-associated tuberculosis","author":"World health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-02386-4","article-title":"HIV Prevalence Among Tuberculosis Patients in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Gelaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1007\/s13149-010-0079-3","article-title":"Prevalence of HIV-TB co-infection and impact of HIV infection on pulmonary tuberculosis outcome in Togo","volume":"104","author":"Dagnra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0100","first-page":"70","article-title":"HIV and TB co-infection among patients who used Directly Observed Treatment Short-course centres in Yenagoa","volume":"12","author":"Chinedu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nigeria. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2598-z","article-title":"The burden of HIV on tuberculosis patients in the Volta region of Ghana from 2012 to 2015: implication for tuberculosis control","volume":"17","author":"Osei","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0110","first-page":"201","article-title":"Sputum smear pattern among patients diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis in Makurdi","volume":"24","author":"Gomerep","year":"2015","journal-title":"North Central Nigeria. Niger J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0115","series-title":"Guidelines for HIV surveillance among tuberculosis patients","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0019-2016","article-title":"Tuberculosis diagnostics: state of the art and future directions","volume":"4","author":"Pai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectrum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0820","article-title":"Current concepts in the management of tuberculosis","volume":"86","author":"Sia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1086\/514546","article-title":"Variation of chest radiographic patterns in pulmonary tuberculosis by degree of human immunodeficiency virus-related immunosuppression","volume":"25","author":"Perlman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1086\/380644","article-title":"Identification of risk factors for extrapulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0140","series-title":"Chest radiography in tuberculosis detection","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0145","series-title":"Xpert MTB\/RIF implementation manual. Technical and operational \u2018how-to\u2019: practical considerations","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0150","series-title":"Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay (LF-LAM) for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis in people living with HIV 2019 Update","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0155","series-title":"Best Practices on TB Case Finding and Treatment: Reflections and Lessons from West and Central Africa and Beyond","author":"The Global Fund","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000478","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjoq-2018-000478","article-title":"Improving the diagnostics of tuberculosis and drug resistance with Xpert MTB\/RIF in a district general hospital in Sierra Leone: a quality improvement project","volume":"8","author":"Hamilton","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open Quality"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0165","series-title":"Engaging all health care providers in TB control-Guidance on implementing public-private mix approaches","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0170","series-title":"Engaging private health care providers in TB care and prevention: a landscape analysis","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001142","article-title":"SEARCH Collaboration. Implementation and Operational Research: Population-Based Active Tuberculosis Case Finding During Large-Scale Mobile HIV Testing Campaigns in Rural Uganda","volume":"73","author":"Ssemmondo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25065","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25065","article-title":"Completion of the tuberculosis care cascade in a community-based HIV linkage-to-care study in South Africa and Uganda","volume":"21","author":"Shapiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0185","first-page":"CD011432","article-title":"Interventions to increase tuberculosis case detection at primary healthcare or community-level services","volume":"11","author":"Mhimbira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0165614","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165614","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness of Community-Based TB\/HIV Screening and Linkage to Care in Rural South Africa","volume":"11","author":"Gilbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-211120","article-title":"Predicting tuberculosis relapse in patients treated with the standard 6-month regimen: an individual patient data meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Romanowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354919874087","article-title":"Homelessness and Mortality Among Persons With Tuberculosis in Texas, 2010-2017","volume":"134","author":"Agarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0584-8","article-title":"The impact of being homeless on the unsuccessful outcome of treatment of pulmonary TB in S\u00e3o Paulo State","volume":"14","author":"Ranzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brazil. BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3209-9","article-title":"Predictors of therapy failure in newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Beira","volume":"11","author":"Pizzol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mozambique. BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-3992-6","article-title":"Patient predictors of health-seeking behaviour for persons coughing for more than two weeks in high-burden tuberculosis communities: the case of the Western Cape","volume":"19","author":"Christian","year":"2019","journal-title":"South Africa. BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14109-8","article-title":"Smoking and mortality from tuberculosis and other diseases in India: retrospective study of 43000 adult male deaths and 35000 controls","volume":"362","author":"Gajalakshmi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy081","article-title":"Contribution of Smoking to Tuberculosis Incidence and Mortality in High-Tuberculosis-Burden Countries","volume":"187","author":"Amere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix819","article-title":"Metformin Use Reverses the Increased Mortality Associated With Diabetes Mellitus During Tuberculosis Treatment","volume":"66","author":"Degner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.18.0340","article-title":"Clinical management of combined tuberculosis and diabetes","volume":"22","author":"van Crevel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu372","article-title":"Mortality among tuberculosis patients with acquired resistance to second-line antituberculosis drugs--United States, 1993-2008","volume":"59","author":"Ershova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-2-200807150-00008","article-title":"Initial drug resistance and tuberculosis treatment outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"149","author":"Lew","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038_bib0250","series-title":"Patient characteristics and treatment outcomes among tuberculosis patients in Sierra Leone","author":"Sesay","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S120197122030254X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S120197122030254X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T07:50:57Z","timestamp":1761119457000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S120197122030254X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S120197122030254X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diagnosis and treatment outcomes of adult tuberculosis in an urban setting with high HIV prevalence in Sierra Leone: A retrospective study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.038","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}