{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T08:21:57Z","timestamp":1774599717219,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,26]],"date-time":"2021-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013131","name":"National Naval Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013131","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T00:13:28Z","timestamp":1614989608000},"page":"23-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Seroprevalence of scrub typhus, murine typhus and spotted fever groups in North Korean refugees"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Jihye","family":"Um","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeonghwa","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji Na","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Misuk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeonsu","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Se Hee","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2363-0390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun-Sun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0752","article-title":"Sennetsu neorickettsiosis, spotted fever group, and typhus group rickettsioses in three provinces in Thailand","volume":"95","author":"Bhengsri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0010","first-page":"203","article-title":"A Seroepidemiological survey of scrub typhus and murine typhus among residents and rodents in Kyodongmyeon, Kanghwagun","volume":"26","author":"Choi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Korean J Vet Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2019.51.2.196","article-title":"History of tsutsugamushi disease in Korea","volume":"51","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1086\/527443","article-title":"Murine typhus: an unrecognized suburban vectorborne disease","volume":"46","author":"Civen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0642","article-title":"Risk factors for scrub typhus, murine typhus, and spotted fever seropositivity in urban areas, rural plains, and Peri-Forest Hill Villages in South India: a cross-sectional study","volume":"103","author":"Devamani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008641","article-title":"A systematic review of the untreated mortality of murine typhus","volume":"14","author":"Doppler","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-015-0307-9","article-title":"Health status of North Korean refugees in Toronto: a community based participatory research study","volume":"19","author":"Dorman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/9.4.823","article-title":"Epidemiology and ecology of rickettsial diseases in the People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"9","author":"Fan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0045","first-page":"1170","article-title":"Serological studies in murine typhus among field workers of national forest in South Korea, 2016","volume":"10","author":"Gill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3664-x","article-title":"Epidemiology survey of infectious diseases in North Korean travelers, 2015\u20132017","volume":"19","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-29-3-199","article-title":"Cross-reaction of immune sera from patients with rickettsial diseases","volume":"29","author":"Hechemy","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.5.2310-2313.2004","article-title":"First serologic evidence of human spotted fever group rickettsiosis in Korea","volume":"42","author":"Jang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03635.x","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of spotted fever group and typhus group rickettsioses in humans, South Korea","volume":"49","author":"Jang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59815-5","article-title":"Resting State functional connectivity of the thalamus in North Korean refugees with and without posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"10","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1109.050011","article-title":"Human infection with Rickettsia honei, Thailand","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2106.141487","article-title":"Seroconversions to Rickettsiae in US military personnel in South Korea","volume":"21","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-172","article-title":"North Korean refugee health in South Korea (NORNS) study: study design and methods","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2411.170264","article-title":"Japanese spotted fever in eastern China, 2013","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.12799\/jkachn.2017.28.2.144","article-title":"The trends in research on the health of North Korean refugees","volume":"28","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1764-2","article-title":"Characterization of rickettsiae in ticks in northeastern China","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0105","series-title":"Policies for North Korean refugees","author":"Ministry of Unification","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.10.021","article-title":"Infectious disease risks among refugees from North Korea","volume":"66","author":"Nishiura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0123","article-title":"Serological surveillance of scrub typhus, murine typhus, and leptospirosis in small mammals captured at firing points 10 and 60, Gyeonggi province, Republic of Korea, 2001\u20132005","volume":"10","author":"O\u2019Guinn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0064","article-title":"Unresolved problems related to scrub typhus: a seriously neglected life-threatening disease","volume":"89","author":"Paris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.17.145","article-title":"An analysis of infectious disease research trends in medical journals from North Korea","volume":"51","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-018-0691-z","article-title":"Health-promoting behavior and influencing factors in young North Korean refugees (NKRs) living in South Korea","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15081694","article-title":"Related factors of suicidal ideation among North Korean refugee youth in South Korea","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00032-13","article-title":"Update on tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: a geographic approach","volume":"26","author":"Parola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-239471","article-title":"Murine typhus mistaken for COVID-19 in a young man","volume":"13","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1202.050900","article-title":"Rickettsial infections and fever, Vientiane, Laos","volume":"12","author":"Phongmany","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0155","series-title":"Rickettsial diseases","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e286","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819001390","article-title":"Diagnosis of spotted fever group Rickettsia infections: the Asian perspective","volume":"147","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3030074","article-title":"Serological cross-reactivity among Orientia tsutsugamushi serotypes but not with Rickettsia japonica in Japan","volume":"3","author":"Sando","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.2310\/7060.2001.22179","article-title":"Thailand: country survey of infectious diseases","volume":"8","author":"Suankratay","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2016.121","article-title":"A case of scrub typhus imported from South Korea to Yamagata, Japan","volume":"69","author":"Suzuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2209.151969","article-title":"Large-scale survey for tickborne bacteria, Khammouan Province, Laos","volume":"22","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0399","article-title":"Seroprevalence of scrub typhus, typhus, and spotted fever among rural and urban populations of northern Vietnam","volume":"96","author":"Trung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2014.943283","article-title":"Murine typhus in elderly patients: a prospective study of 49 patients","volume":"46","author":"Tsioutis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.10.018","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory characteristics, epidemiology, and outcomes of murine typhus: a systematic review","volume":"166","author":"Tsioutis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e909","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000909","article-title":"Contrasting spatial distribution and risk factors for past infection with scrub typhus and murine typhus in Vientiane City, Lao PDR","volume":"4","author":"Vall\u00e9e","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0205","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World Health Data Platform \/GHO\/Countries\/Democratic People\u2019s Republic of Korea. https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/countries\/country-details\/GHO\/democratic-people's-republic-of-korea?countryProfileId=f9396807-7886-4350-87e0-889f93e1fcbe."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0628-x","article-title":"Tick-borne pathogens and the vector potential of ticks in China","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0215","article-title":"High Incidence of a Novel Rickettsia Genotype in Parasitic Haemaphysalis longicornis from China-North Korea Border","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1406.071502","article-title":"Rickettsial seroepidemiology among farm workers, Tianjin, People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S120197122100196X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S120197122100196X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T07:56:20Z","timestamp":1761119780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S120197122100196X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S120197122100196X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Seroprevalence of scrub typhus, murine typhus and spotted fever groups in North Korean refugees","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.02.111","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}