{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:48:43Z","timestamp":1772120923389,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T02:09:37Z","timestamp":1618970977000},"page":"116-120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Dramatic rise in seroprevalence rates of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among healthy blood donors: The evolution of a pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9185-9616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maher A.","family":"Sughayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asem","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abeer","family":"Al Nuirat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Souan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ghanem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Siag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.11606\/s1518-8787.2020054002643","article-title":"Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 among blood donors in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"54","author":"Amorim Filho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0010","first-page":"450","article-title":"Estimated SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the US as of September 2020","volume":"181","author":"Bajema","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern MedJAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(4):450\u2013460."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.01.028","article-title":"Seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 among blood donors in the early months of the pandemic in Saudi Arabia","volume":"104","author":"Banjar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.31.2001369","article-title":"Repeated leftover serosurvey of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies, Greece, March and April 2020","volume":"25","author":"Bogogiannidou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1116","article-title":"Serosurveillance for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) incidence using global blood donor populations","volume":"72","author":"Busch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113569","article-title":"Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Corsica (France), April and June 2020","volume":"9","author":"Capai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.29271\/jcpsp.2020.07.735","article-title":"Frequency of COVID-19 IgG antibodies among Special Police Squad Lahore, Pakistan","volume":"30","author":"Chughtai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06438-4","article-title":"Low seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Rhode Island blood donors determined using multiple serological assay formats","author":"Nesbitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis (preprint available at research square)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa849","article-title":"Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rate by real-time antibody screening of blood donors","volume":"72","author":"Erikstrup","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0050","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Covid-19. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/geographical-distribution-2019-ncov-cases. [Accessed 11 February 2021]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048970","article-title":"Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy volunteers up to 6 months post disease onset","volume":"50","author":"Figueiredo-Campos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26425","article-title":"Results from a survey in healthy blood donors in South Eastern Italy indicate that we are far away from herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"93","author":"Fiore","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104880","article-title":"Lower prevalence of antibodies neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 in group O French blood donors","volume":"181","author":"Gallian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antivir Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0070","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seroprevalence among healthcare workers in a low prevalence region","volume":"1\u20133","author":"Godbout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.4130","article-title":"Seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in 10 sites in the United States, March 23-May 12, 2020","volume":"180","author":"Havers","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0080","article-title":"Seroprevalence of COVID-19 in Taiwan revealed by testing anti-SARS-CoV-2 serological antibodies on 14,765 hospital patients","volume":"3","author":"Ho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.006","article-title":"Rapid asymptomatic transmission of COVID-19 during the incubation period demonstrating strong infectivity in a cluster of youngsters aged 16\u201323 years outside Wuhan and characteristics of young patients with COVID-19: a prospective contact-tracing study","volume":"80","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.3201\/2702.204480","article-title":"Prevalence and time trend of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Puducherry, India, August\u2013October 2020","volume":"27","author":"Kar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.011","article-title":"Population-based seroprevalence surveys of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody: an up-to-date review","volume":"101","author":"Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.09.015","article-title":"Confidence limits for prevalence of disease adjusted for estimated sensitivity and specificity","volume":"113","author":"Lang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0105","article-title":"Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-COV-2 antibodies in blood donors from Nuevo Leon state, Mexico, during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Martinez-Acu\u00f1a","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0110","article-title":"High community SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in a ski resort community, Blaine County, Idaho, US. Preliminary results","author":"McLaughlin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medrxiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6929e1","article-title":"Population point prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection based on a statewide random sample \u2014 Indiana, April 25\u201329, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Menachemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa579","article-title":"High seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Chelsea, Massachusetts","volume":"222","author":"Naranbhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18468-8","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and neutralizing activity in donor and patient blood","volume":"11","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olariu TR, Lighezan R, Ursoniu S, Craciun AC, Paduraru AA, Lupu MA, n.d. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 2115 blood donors from Romania. Clin Microbiol Infect. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.12.027.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.12.027"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.24.2001031","article-title":"Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralising antibodies in blood donors from the Lodi Red Zone in Lombardy, Italy, as at 06 April 2020","volume":"25","author":"Percivalle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31483-5","article-title":"Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain (ENE-COVID): a nationwide, population-based seroepidemiological study","volume":"396","author":"Poll\u00e1n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30858-6","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in the general population and high-risk occupational groups across 18 cities in Iran: a population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Poustchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044552","article-title":"Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in the West Bank region of Palestine: a cross-sectional seroepidemiological study","volume":"11","author":"Qutob","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.058","article-title":"How useful is serology for COVID-19?","volume":"102","author":"Raoult","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2020.06.004","article-title":"Cumulative incidence and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in New York","volume":"48","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0165","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Rostami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16296","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among blood donors after the first COVID-19 wave in Canada","volume":"61","author":"Saeed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26426","article-title":"Low postpandemic wave SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, Malaysia","volume":"93","author":"Sam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0992-3","article-title":"Population-based surveys of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Southern Brazil","volume":"26","author":"Silveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5744","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19481-7","article-title":"Low SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in blood donors in the early COVID-19 epidemic in the Netherlands","volume":"11","author":"Slot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8279","article-title":"Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2\u2013specific antibodies among adults in Los Angeles County, California, on April 10\u201311, 2020","volume":"323","author":"Sood","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31304-0","article-title":"Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Geneva, Switzerland (SEROCoV-POP): a population-based study","volume":"396","author":"Stringhini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0200","article-title":"The effect of strict lock down measures on Covid-19 seroprevalence rate and herd immunity","author":"Sughayer","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6932a4","article-title":"Notes from the field: seroprevalence estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection in convenience sample \u2014 Oregon, May 11\u2013June 15, 2020","volume":"69","author":"Sutton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe1916","article-title":"Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Kenyan blood donors","volume":"371","author":"Uyoga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092780","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in Italian adults and associated risk factors","volume":"9","author":"Vena","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0220","series-title":"WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0949-6","article-title":"Seroprevalence of immunoglobulin M and G antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in China","volume":"26","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2020.102923","article-title":"Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among healthy blood donors in Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"59","author":"Younas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfus Apher Sci"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971221003714?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971221003714?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T07:57:28Z","timestamp":1761119848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971221003714"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S1201971221003714"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.03.02.21252448","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Dramatic rise in seroprevalence rates of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among healthy blood donors: The evolution of a pandemic","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.059","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}