{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T17:58:49Z","timestamp":1793642329893,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T22:32:42Z","timestamp":1620858762000},"page":"S17-S24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"special_numbering":"S1","title":["Barriers and enablers experienced by health care workers in swabbing for COVID-19 in Papua New Guinea: A multi-methods cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Bernnedine S.","family":"Smaghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0673-3649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosheila","family":"Dagina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilbert","family":"Hiawalyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5170-4110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Vaccher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Flint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4569-7601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tambri","family":"Housen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0005","series-title":"Unpacking readiness for m-health in emergency settings. Online: Social Research Center of the American University in Cairo","author":"Abou El Fadl","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12525","article-title":"Evidence on feasibility and effective use of mHealth strategies by frontline heath workers in developing countries: systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Agarwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577018","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.577018","article-title":"Stigma and Discrimination During COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"8","author":"Bhanot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in public health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065772","article-title":"Community health workers and mobile technology: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Braun","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0025","series-title":"Comparative accuracy of oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs for diagnosis of COVID-19. Oxford COVID-19 evidence service team centre for evidence based medicine.. The Center for Evidence Based Medicine","author":"Carver","year":"2020"},{"issue":"91","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0030","first-page":"157","article-title":"WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic","volume":"19","author":"Cucinotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31858-4","article-title":"COVID-19 exacerbates violence against health workers","volume":"369","author":"Devi","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-19-00119","article-title":"Using the unmanned aerial vehicle delivery decision tool to consider transporting medical supplies via Drone","volume":"7","author":"Eichleay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Global Health Sci Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0045","series-title":"Health systems in transition: independent state of Papua New Guinea health systems review","author":"Grundy","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2005.06.001","article-title":"Is verbatim transcription of interview data always necessary?","volume":"19","author":"Halcomb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl Nurs Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.07.029","article-title":"Rapid qualitative research methods during complex health emergencies: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"189","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.08.007","article-title":"Biosafety concerns during the collection, transportation, and processing of COVID-19 samples for diagnosis","volume":"51","author":"Karthik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0065","series-title":"Drones deliver health care. Online: insideunmannedsystems.com","author":"Knight","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1745095","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of emerging human coronavirus infections\u2014the state of the art","volume":"9","author":"Loeffelholz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0075","series-title":"COVID-19-related stigmatization among a sample of Egyptian healthcare workers. COVID-19-related stigmatization among a sample of Egyptian healthcare workers","author":"Mostafa","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0080","first-page":"85","article-title":"From the frontlines to centre stage: resilience of frontline health workers in the context of COVID-19","volume":"28","author":"Nanda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Reprod Health Matters"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0085","series-title":"COVID-19 Testing Strategy. Unpublished","author":"National Department of Health","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0090","series-title":"National situation report December 31st 2020","author":"National Department of Health","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0095","series-title":"Standard operating procedure for COVID-19 specimen collection","author":"National Department of Health","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70357-2","article-title":"Controlling Ebola through mHealth strategies","volume":"3","author":"O\u2019Donovan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0105","series-title":"Using a mHealth tutorial application to change knowledge and attitudes of frontline health workers to Ebola virus disease in Nigeria: a before-and-after study","author":"Out","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glohj.2021.02.009","article-title":"Early stage risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) strategies and measures against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic crisis","volume":"5","author":"Tambo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Health Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019993","article-title":"Can rapid approaches to qualitative analysis deliver timely, valid findings to clinical leaders? A mixed methods study comparing rapid and thematic analysis","volume":"8","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2017.1405488","article-title":"Emergency Risk Communication: lessons learned from a rapid review of recent gray literature on Ebola, Zika, and Yellow Fever","volume":"34","author":"Toppenberg-Pejcic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0125","first-page":"e377","article-title":"Programmes for the prevention of parent\u2010to\u2010child transmission of HIV in Papua New Guinea: health system challenges and opportunities","volume":"33","author":"Tynan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-040503","article-title":"Perceptions and experiences of healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK","volume":"10","author":"Vindrola-Padros","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0135","series-title":"UPS Partners With Matternet To Transport Medical Samples Via Drone Across Hospital System In Raleigh, N.C. online: GlobeNewswire","author":"Walston","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0140","first-page":"1843","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0145","series-title":"Infection prevention and control of epidemic and pandemic prone acute respiratory infections in health care","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0150","series-title":"Laboratory Guidelines for the Detection and Diagnosis of COVID-19 Virus Infection World Health Organization, Pan American Health Organization","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0155","series-title":"Rational use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for coronavirus disease (COVID-19)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077_bib0160","series-title":"International Federation of the Red Cross, United Nations International Childrens Fund. RCCE action plan guidance: COVID-19 preparedness and response","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971221003908?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1201971221003908?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T08:00:36Z","timestamp":1761120036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1201971221003908"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["S1201971221003908"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Barriers and enablers experienced by health care workers in swabbing for COVID-19 in Papua New Guinea: A multi-methods cross-sectional study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.04.077","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}