{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T03:07:31Z","timestamp":1778641651202,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","ijidonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T12:33:56Z","timestamp":1626266036000},"page":"294-303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Molecular epidemiology and drug susceptibility profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates from Northern Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Samuel Kobina Ekuban","family":"Acquah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prince","family":"Asare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Osei-Wusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Portia","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theophilus","family":"Afum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana Asema","family":"Asandem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emelia Konadu","family":"Danso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaac Darko","family":"Otchere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda Aurelia","family":"Ofori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwasi","family":"Obiri-Danso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Kock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adwoa","family":"Asante-Poku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorothy","family":"Yeboah-Manu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S198314","article-title":"Spoligotyping analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa area","volume":"12","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pakistan. Infection and drug resistance"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr173","article-title":"Molecular basis and mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: classical and new drugs","volume":"66","author":"Almeida Da Silva","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.14.0864","article-title":"Evaluation of GenoType\u00ae MTBDRplus for the rapid detection of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Ghana","volume":"19","author":"Asante-Poku","year":"2015","journal-title":"The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1725-6","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium africanum in Ghana","volume":"16","author":"Asante-Poku","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742170516000545","article-title":"Determinants of farm diversification in integrated crop-livestock farming systems in Ghana","volume":"33","author":"Asante","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.05.014","article-title":"Reduced transmission of Mycobacterium africanum compared to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in urban West Africa","volume":"73","author":"Asare","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1552","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001552","article-title":"The genome of Mycobacterium africanum West African 2 reveals a lineage-specific locus and genome erosion common to the M. tuberculosis complex","volume":"6","author":"Bentley","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214088","article-title":"Reference set of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical strains: A tool for research and product development","volume":"14","author":"Borrell","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS one"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-6-23","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex genetic diversity: mining the fourth international spoligotyping database (SpolDB4) for classification, population genetics and epidemiology","volume":"6","author":"Brudey","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC microbiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat5869","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aat5869","article-title":"Global expansion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 shaped by colonial migration and local adaptation","volume":"4","author":"Brynildsrud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science advances"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7815","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0007815","article-title":"Genotyping of genetically monomorphic bacteria: DNA sequencing in Mycobacterium tuberculosis highlights the limitations of current methodologies","volume":"4","author":"Comas","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.9.1009","article-title":"The growing burden of tuberculosis: global trends and interactions with the HIV epidemic","volume":"163","author":"Corbett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Archives of internal medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00009-08","article-title":"IS6110, a Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex-specific insertion sequence, is also present in the genome of Mycobacterium smegmatis, suggestive of lateral gene transfer among mycobacterial species","volume":"190","author":"Coros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of bacteriology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.1.168-178.1998","article-title":"Evaluation of four DNA typing techniques in epidemiological investigations of bovine tuberculosis","volume":"36","author":"Cousins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.12.030","article-title":"Macro-geographical specificities of the prevailing tuberculosis epidemic as seen through SITVIT2, an updated version of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotyping database. Infection","volume":"72","author":"Couvin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genetics and Evolution"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e744","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000744","article-title":"Mycobacterium africanum\u2014review of an important cause of human tuberculosis in West Africa","volume":"4","author":"De Jong","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1086\/502977","article-title":"Mycobacterium africanum Elicits an Attenuated T Cell Response to Early Secreted Antigenic Target, 6 kDa, in Patients with Tuberculosis and Their Household Contacts","volume":"193","author":"de Jong","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3530","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3530-3532.2005","article-title":"Does resistance to pyrazinamide accurately indicate the presence of Mycobacterium bovis?","volume":"43","author":"De Jong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208603","article-title":"Mycobacterium africanum (Lineage 6) shows slower sputum smear conversion on tuberculosis treatment than Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Lineage 4) in Bamako, Mali","volume":"13","author":"Diarra","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-999-4_10","article-title":"Spoligotyping for molecular epidemiology of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex","author":"Driscoll","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecular Epidemiology of Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0021","series-title":"Emergence in Western African countries of MDR-TB, focus on Cote d'Ivoire","first-page":"2013","author":"Ekaza","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0022","unstructured":"ESRI. Environmental Systems Resource Institute. ArcMap 100. Redlands, California 2010."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.06460-11","article-title":"Effect of mutation and genetic background on drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"56","author":"Fenner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0024","first-page":"1","article-title":"Genetic diversity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","author":"Gagneux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its Interaction with the Host Organism"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2869","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0511240103","article-title":"Variable host-pathogen compatibility in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"103","author":"Gagneux","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004408","article-title":"A mycobacterial perspective on tuberculosis in West Africa: significant geographical variation of M. africanum and other M. tuberculosis complex lineages","volume":"10","author":"Gehre","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS neglected tropical diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01918-06","article-title":"First molecular epidemiology study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Burkina Faso","volume":"45","author":"Godreuil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1801.110275","article-title":"Spoligotyping of Mycobacterium africanum","volume":"18","author":"Gomgnimbou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Burkina Faso. Emerging infectious diseases"},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11491","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1406693111","article-title":"Evolutionary history of tuberculosis shaped by conserved mutations in the PhoPR virulence regulator","volume":"111","author":"Gonzalo-Asensio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18601","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018601","article-title":"The Guinea-Bissau family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex revisited","volume":"6","author":"Groenheit","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e311","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060311","article-title":"High functional diversity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis driven by genetic drift and human demography","volume":"6","author":"Hershberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4871","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0305627101","article-title":"Stable association between strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their human host populations","volume":"101","author":"Hirsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0033","series-title":"Identification and genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infections at the human\/domestic animals\/wildlife interface in Nigeria and South Africa","author":"Jenkins","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.01.015","article-title":"Role of PCR method using IS6110 primer in detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis among the clinically diagnosed childhood tuberculosis patients at an urban hospital in Dhaka","volume":"68","author":"Kabir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bangladesh. International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.4.907-914.1997","article-title":"Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology","volume":"35","author":"Kamerbeek","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0036","series-title":"Crop\u2013livestock systems in northern Ghana. Improving crop-livestock systems in the dry savannas of West and Central Africa Ibadan:","first-page":"112","author":"Karbo","year":"2002"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2876","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00398-14","article-title":"Pseudo-outbreak of pre-extensively drug-resistant (pre-XDR) tuberculosis in Kinshasa: collateral damage caused by false detection of fluoroquinolone resistance by GenoType MTBDRsl","volume":"52","author":"Kaswa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.165","article-title":"Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: application in epidemiologic studies","volume":"6","author":"Kato-Maeda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2005.04524.x","article-title":"The pyruvate requirement of some members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is due to an inactive pyruvate kinase: implications for in vivo growth","volume":"56","author":"Keating","year":"2005","journal-title":"Molecular microbiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30625-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of tuberculosis, 1990\u20132016: results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2016 Study","volume":"18","author":"Kyu","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38409","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038409","article-title":"A molecular epidemiological and genetic diversity study of tuberculosis in Ibadan, Nnewi and Abuja, Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Lawson","year":"2012","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0042","first-page":"174","article-title":"Effects of genetic variability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains on the presentation of disease","volume":"5","author":"Malik","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Lancet infectious diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2017.01.015","article-title":"Tuberculosis elimination and the challenge of latent tuberculosis","volume":"46","author":"Matteelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"La Presse M\u00e9dicale"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.07.001","article-title":"Insight into genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Kandy, Sri Lanka reveals predominance of the Euro-American lineage","volume":"87","author":"Mendis","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3195","article-title":"Evolutionary history and global spread of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing lineage","volume":"47","author":"Merker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature genetics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01590-08","article-title":"African 1, an epidemiologically important clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis dominant in Mali, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Chad","volume":"191","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of bacteriology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.03.025","article-title":"The clinical consequences of strain diversity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"102","author":"Nicol","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.6.2547-2553.2003","article-title":"Genetic biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Cameroon","volume":"41","author":"Niobe-Eyangoh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2016.05.014","article-title":"Detection and characterization of drug-resistant conferring genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains: A prospective study in two distant regions of Ghana","volume":"99","author":"Otchere","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tuberculosis (Edinb)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29620-2","article-title":"Comparative genomics of Mycobacterium africanum Lineage 5 and Lineage 6 from Ghana suggests distinct ecological niches","volume":"8","author":"Otchere","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209395","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and whole-genome sequencing analysis of clinical Mycobacterium bovis from Ghana","volume":"14","author":"Otchere","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00059-10","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis in resource-poor countries: challenges and opportunities","volume":"24","author":"Parsons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2016.08.006","article-title":"Lessons learnt from active tuberculosis case finding in an urban slum setting of Agra city","volume":"63","author":"Prasad","year":"2016","journal-title":"India. Indian Journal of Tuberculosis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0054","first-page":"338","article-title":"Molecular typing methods used in studies of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Iran: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Ravansalar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iranian journal of microbiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02142-08","article-title":"Major Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages associate with patient country of origin","volume":"47","author":"Reed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212067","article-title":"Variance components for bovine tuberculosis infection and multi-breed genome-wide association analysis using imputed whole-genome sequence data","volume":"14","author":"Ring","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2015.02.007","article-title":"Epidemiological modelling for the assessment of bovine tuberculosis surveillance in the dairy farm network in Emilia-Romagna (Italy)","volume":"11","author":"Rossi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0058","series-title":"Genetic analysis of pellicle formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: New insights into an old foe","author":"Sambandan","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.06.009","article-title":"Insight into multidrug-resistant Beijing genotype Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Myanmar","volume":"76","author":"San","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2018.02.003","article-title":"Biology of clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with varying levels of transmission","volume":"109","author":"Shanley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3704","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 comprises globally distributed and geographically restricted sublineages","volume":"48","author":"Stucki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature genetics"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4498","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01392-06","article-title":"Proposal for standardization of optimized mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable-number tandem repeat typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"44","author":"Supply","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42505","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042505","article-title":"Dominant incidence of multidrug and extensively drug-resistant specific Mycobacterium tuberculosis clones in Osaka Prefecture, Japan","volume":"7","author":"Tamaru","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0064","series-title":"Tuberculosis: a re-emerging disease in animals and humans","author":"Thoen","year":"2009"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3185","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.7.3185-3191.2005","article-title":"Genomic deletions classify the Beijing\/W strains as a distinct genetic lineage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"43","author":"Tsolaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0066","unstructured":"WHO. Global TB Report. World Health Organization, Geneva 2020."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21906","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021906","article-title":"Genotypic diversity and drug susceptibility patterns among M. tuberculosis complex isolates from South-Western Ghana","volume":"6","author":"Yeboah-Manu","year":"2011","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161892","article-title":"Spatio-temporal distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains in Ghana","volume":"11","author":"Yeboah-Manu","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5875","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.12.5875-5876.2004","article-title":"Evaluation of decontamination methods and growth media for primary isolation of Mycobacterium ulcerans from surgical specimens","volume":"42","author":"Yeboah-Manu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Microbiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4166","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.11.4166-4168.2001","article-title":"Application of a simple multiplex PCR to aid in routine work of the mycobacterium reference laboratory","volume":"39","author":"Yeboah-Manu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.12.003","volume":"56","author":"Zumla","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Infectious Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S120197122100566X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S120197122100566X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T07:59:49Z","timestamp":1761119989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S120197122100566X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["S120197122100566X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020","relation":{},"ISSN":["1201-9712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1201-9712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Molecular epidemiology and drug susceptibility profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates from Northern Ghana","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.020","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}